Table 1 Characteristics and demographics of ACI, SCI and control groups at baseline

Age

66.8 ± 12.3

65.9 ± 12.8

57.8 ± 10.2

<0.001

<0.001

Gender, Male

342 (63.1%)

255 (55.1%)

105 (40.1%)

<0.001

<0.001

Smoking, Yes

195 (36.0%)

135 (29.2%)

35 (13.4%)

<0.001

<0.001

Alcohol, Yes

116 (21.4%)

90 (19.4%)

24 (9.2%)

<0.001

<0.001

Diabetes mellitus, Yes

166 (30.6%)

118 (25.5%)

31 (11.8%)

<0.001

<0.001

Hypertension history (yrs)

10.0 (5.0–20.0)

10.0 (5.0–20.0)

5.0 (2.0–10.0)

<0.001

<0.001

Hypertension family history, Yes

46 (8.5%)

202 (43.6%)

79 (30.2%)

<0.001

<0.001

 Antihypertension drugs

480 (88.6%)

396 (85.5%)

252 (96.2%)

<0.001

<0.001

 Antiplatelet drugs

290 (53.5%)

152 (32.8%)

51 (19.5%)

<0.001

<0.001

 Cholesterol, mmol/L

4.7 ± 1.1

4.6 ± 1.0

4.6 ± 1.1

0.583

0.894

 Triglyceride, mmol/L

1.8 ± 1.2

1.8 ± 1.1

1.8 ± 1.7

0.941

0.645

 HDL, mmol/L

1.1 ± 0.3

1.2 ± 0.7

1.3 ± 0.9

<0.001

0.013

 LDL, mmol/L

2.9 ± 0.9

2.9 ± 1.0

2.9 ± 0.9

0.531

0.265

 FBG, mmol/L

6.1 ± 2.3

5.5 ± 1.5

5.4 ± 1.3

<0.001

0.542

 Urea nitrogen, mmol/L

4.9 (4.1–5.9)

5.1 (4.2–6.3)

5.2 (4.2–6.8)

<0.001

<0.001

 Creatinine, μmol/L

72.0 (61.0–88.3)

73.0 (58.0–86.3)

61.0 (49.0–77.0)

<0.001

<0.001

 Homocysteine, mmol/L

14.6 ± 11.1

15.2 ± 11.4

12.7 ± 5.2

0.206

0.109

 AS

429 (79.2%)

–

–

 LS

113 (20.8%)

–

–

Leukoaraiosis, Yes

448 (82.7%)

370 (79.9%)

–

 Non

98 (18.1%)

95 (20.5%)

–

 Mild

122 (22.5%)

139 (30.0%)

–

 Moderate

169 (31.2%)

130 (28.1%)

–

 Severe

153 (28.2%)

99 (21.4%)

–

Leukoaraiosis, DWM

–

 Non

120 (22.1%)

123 (26.6%)

–

 Mild

130 (24.0%)

139 (30.0%)

–

 Moderate

117 (21.6%)

97 (21.0%)

–

 Severe

175 (32.3%)

104 (22.5%)

–

Moderate-Severe leukoaraiosis

345 (63.7%)

244 (52.7%)

–

NBPDR, %

3.3 (−1.8–8.1)

8.2 (1.8–14.2)

7.9 (2.7–13.8)

<0.001

0.638