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Table 2 Clinical, laboratory, and radiographic measures and management

From: Stroke etiologies in patients with COVID-19: the SVIN COVID-19 multinational registry

 

All patients acute ischemic strokea

(n = 156)

Cryptogenic stroke

(n = 55)

Cardioembolic stroke

(n = 35)

Large vessel stroke

(n = 15)

Small vessel stroke

(n = 4)

Other

(n = 11)

p-valueb

p-valuec

Clinical and radiographic findings

 Baseline NIHSS median, (IQR)

13 (5–21)

(n = 130)

12 (6–23)

(n = 48)

14 (6–21)

(n = 32)

8 (4–11)

(n = 14)

2 (1–2)

(n = 4)

21 (9–22)

(n = 10)

0.02

0.53

 Head CT performed, no. (%)

135/151 (89.4)

48/55 (87.3)

34/35 (97.1)

14/15 (93.3)

4/4 (100)

10/11 (90.9)

0.56

0.25

 First CT indicating acute stroke, no. (%)

76/132 (57.6)

33/48 (68.8)

21/34 (61.8)

10/14 (71.4)

0/4 (0)

4/10 (40.0)

0.04

0.10

 CT angiogram performed, no. (%)

99/151 (65.6)

36/55 (65.5)

23/35 (65.7)

14/15 (93.3)

4/4 (100)

10/11 (90.9)

0.07

0.36

 Intracranial occlusion, no. (%)

53/107 (49.5)

17/37 (46.0)

17/24 (70.8)

6/14 (42.9)

0/4 (0)

3/10 (30.0)

0.04

0.70

 MRI brain performed, no. (%)

55/151 (36.4)

21/55 (38.2)

11/35 (31.4)

5/15 (33.3)

1/4 (25.0)

8/11 (72.7)

0.17

> 0.9

 MRI evidence of acute stroke, no. (%)

45/55 (81.8)

15/21 (71.4)

9/11 (81.8)

5/5 (100)

1/1 (100)

8/8 (100)

0.42

0.05

CT or MRI location of infarction, no. (%)

 Cortical

81/101 (80.2)

29/39 (74.4)

26/28 (92.9)

11/12 (91.7)

0/2 (0)

10/10 (100)

< 0.01

0.09

 Subcortical supratentorial

54/101 (53.5)

18/39 (46.2)

15/28 (53.6)

5/12 (41.7)

2/2 (0)

7/10 (70.0)

0.43

0.38

 Infratentorial

12/101 (11.9)

7/39 (18.0)

0/28 (0)

1/12 (8.3)

0/2 (0)

1/10 (10.0)

0.12

0.11

Laboratory testing

 D-dimer (mcg/mL), median (IQR)

0.78 (0.13–4.9)

(n = 87)

1.05 (0.21–9.15)

(n = 36)

0.14 (0.05–0.21)

(n = 18)

0.61 (0.14–10.08)

(n = 8)

0.07, 0.49

(n = 2)

0.26 (0.13–1.3)

(n = 6)

0.04

0.02

 Admission platelet count (cells/μL), median (IQR)

223 (183–313)

(n = 143)

242 (201–321)

(n = 53)

221 (183–289)

(n = 34)

259 (188–353)

(n = 15)

198 (106–326)

(n = 4)

212 (150–281)

(n = 9)

0.34

0.25

 C-reactive protein peak (mg/dL), median (IQR)

11 (3–25)

(n = 96)

15.8 (6.2–52.7)

(n = 38)

4.2 (2.4–12.7)

(n = 23)

12.9 (0.8–74.9)

(n = 11)

6.2 (0.7–49.9)

(n = 3)

11.6 (9.5–58.9)

(n = 4)

0.14

0.05

 Admission WBC (cells/μL), median (IQR)

8.4 (6.5–11.9)

(n = 139)

10.7 (6.8–14.4)

(n = 53)

8.0 (6.5–10.8)

(n = 35)

6.8 (5.8–9.5)

(n = 15)

7.7 (5.7–9.3)

(n = 4)

6.4 (5.5–6.7)

(n = 9)

0.05

0.01

 Lymphocyte count (cells/μL), median (IQR)

1.2 (0.7–1.7)

(n = 132)

1.3 (0.7–1.8)

(n = 47)

1.4 (1.0–1.9)

(n = 32)

0.7 (0.7–1.1)

(n = 15)

1.7 (1.2–1.8)

(n = 4)

1.4 (0.7–1.5)

(n = 9)

0.05

0.60

Treatment

 Intravenous thrombolysis, no. (%)

17/145 (11.7)

4/54 (7.4)

7/35 (20.0)

3/15 (20.0)

0/4 (0)

2/11 (18.2)

0.31

0.12

 Endovascular treatment, no. (%)

33/114 (29.0)

8/42 (19.1)

14/26 (53.9)

4/10 (40.0)

0/3 (0)

2/7 (28.9)

0.03

0.03

 Endovascular treatment d, no. (%)

33/53 (62.3)

8/17 (47.1)

14/17 (82.4)

4/6 (66.7)

n/a

2/3 (66.7)

0.18

0.11

Acute antithrombotic treatment e, no. (%)

0.01

0.17

 Single or dual antiplatelet therapy

66/108 (61.1)

31/43 (72.1)

13/30 (43.3)

12/12 (100)

2/3 (66.7)

6/10 (60.0)

  

 Therapeutic anticoagulation f

22/108 (20.4)

5/43 (11.6)

11/30 (36.7)

0/12 (0)

1/3 (33.3)

1/10 (10.0)

  

 None

20/108 (18.5)

7/43 (16.3)

6/30 (20.0)

0/12 (0)

0/3 (0)

3/10 (30.0)

  
  1. a Acute ischemic stroke includes suspected or radiographically-confirmed cases, and in patients with multiple possible stroke mechanisms (n = 9). Patients with multiple stroke mechanisms were not included in the subsequent columns in order to minimize heterogeneity
  2. b P-values indicate categorical comparisons between all stroke subtypes
  3. c P-values indicate comparisons between cryptogenic and non-cryptogenic stroke subtypes (including strokes due to multiple possible etiologies)
  4. d Analysis limited to patients with any intracranial occlusion on vascular imaging
  5. e Acute antithrombotic treatment was defined as use of an antithrombotic within 24 h of ischemic stroke diagnosis, or between 24 and 48 h of ischemic stroke diagnosis in patients who received intravenous thrombolysis
  6. f One patient with a stroke due to multiple etiologies was treated with combination antiplatelet (single or dual) with therapeutic anticoagulation
  7. NIHSS Denotes National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, IQR Interquartile range, CT Computed tomography, MRI Magnetic resonance imaging, HI-1 Denotes hemorrhagic infarction grade 1 (petechial hemorrhage), HI-2 Hemorrhagic infarction grade 1 (confluent petechiae), PH-1 Parenchymal hematoma grade 1 (confluent hemorrhage within < 30% of infarct bed), PH-2 Parenchymal hematoma grade 2 (confluent hemorrhage within > 30% of infarct bed and having mass effect), ICU intensive care unit and mRS modified Rankin Scale
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BMC Neurology

ISSN: 1471-2377

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