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Table 3 Estimation results of constructed mixed-effects model with CIR16–99a of spinal cord injury (SCI) as the dependent variable and major risk factors as fixed effects

From: The association between economic indicators and the incidence of tetraplegia from traumatic spinal cord injury in Taiwan

 

SCI

Traumatic SCI

MVa-related SCI

Fall-related SCI

Tetraplegia

Traumatic tetraplegia

MVa-related tetraplegia

Fall-related tetraplegia

National data

 Sex (Male/Female)

1.85*** (1.59 to 2.1)

1.21*** (1.01 to 1.4)

0.62*** (0.5 to 0.73)

0.37*** (0.29 to 0.44)

1.56*** (1.35 to 1.77)

1.01*** (0.85 to 1.18)

0.55*** (0.44 to 0.65)

0.29*** (0.23 to 0.34)

 Ln (GDPa per capita), USD

−4.85*** (−7.09 to −2.6)

−3.07*** (− 4.78 to −1.36)

− 1.55** (− 2.56 to −0.55)

− 1.09*** (− 1.69 to − 0.48)

− 3.64*** (−5.51 to − 1.78)

−2.46** (− 3.9 to − 1.02)

− 1.23* (− 2.15 to − 0.31)

− 0.8** (− 1.3 to − 0.29)

 Urbanization level (Metropolitan/Rural)

−0.65*** (− 0.9 to − 0.39)

−0.56*** (− 0.76 to − 0.37)

−0.31*** (− 0.42 to − 0.2)

−0.14*** (− 0.21 to − 0.07)

−0.49*** (− 0.7 to − 0.28)

−0.46*** (− 0.62 to − 0.29)

−0.29*** (− 0.39 to − 0.18)

−0.1*** (− 0.16 to − 0.04)

 Year 2008 (Yes/No)

−0.34 (− 0.91 to 0.23)

−0.32 (− 0.75 to 0.11)

−0.1 (− 0.35 to 0.16)

−0.13 (− 0.29 to 0.02)

−0.24 (− 0.72 to 0.23)

−0.22 (− 0.58 to 0.15)

−0.08 (− 0.31 to 0.16)

−0.1 (− 0.23 to 0.03)

 Year 2009 (Yes/No)

−1.49** (− 2.47 to − 0.52)

−1.13** (− 1.87 to − 0.38)

−0.54* (− 0.98 to − 0.1)

−0.3* (− 0.57 to − 0.03)

− 1.13** (− 1.94 to − 0.31)

−0.77* (− 1.39 to − 0.14)

−0.43* (− 0.83 to − 0.03)

−0.16 (− 0.38 to 0.06)

 LR20–64a

0.53 (− 0.4 to 1.46)

0.38 (− 0.33 to 1.08)

0.2 (− 0.22 to 0.61)

0.16 (− 0.1 to 0.42)

0.55 (− 0.22 to 1.32)

0.42 (− 0.18 to 1.01)

0.17 (−0.21 to 0.55)

0.17 (− 0.04 to 0.38)

 P80/P20a

1.54** (0.5 to 2.59)

1.2** (0.4 to 1.99)

0.49* (0.03 to 0.96)

0.32* (0.03 to 0.61)

1.24** (0.37 to 2.11)

0.85* (0.17 to 1.52)

0.45* (0.02 to 0.88)

0.18 (−0.05 to 0.42)

Taipei versus 4 countiesb

 Sex (Male/Female)

2.38*** (1.93 to 2.83)

1.49*** (1.14 to 1.84)

0.71*** (0.53 to 0.9)

0.45*** (0.31 to 0.6)

2.07*** (1.69 to 2.44)

1.33*** (1.02 to 1.64)

0.64*** (0.48 to 0.81)

0.41*** (0.28 to 0.54)

 Ln (GDPa per capita), USD

−7.23*** (− 11.2 to − 3.26)

− 4.61** (− 7.69 to − 1.52)

− 2.07* (− 3.7 to −0.45)

− 2.47*** (− 3.7 to − 1.23)

−6.65*** (− 9.98 to − 3.32)

− 4.52** (− 7.26 to − 1.78)

−1.91* (− 3.37 to − 0.45)

− 2.26*** (− 3.39 to − 1.12)

 Urbanization level (Taipei City/4 countiesb)

−1.12*** (− 1.57 to − 0.67)

−1.16*** (− 1.5 to − 0.81)

−0.49*** (− 0.68 to − 0.31)

−0.35*** (− 0.5 to − 0.21)

−1.01*** (− 1.38 to − 0.63)

−1.02*** (− 1.33 to − 0.71)

−0.51*** (− 0.68 to − 0.35)

−0.26*** (− 0.39 to − 0.13)

 Year 2008 (Yes/No)

−0.29 (− 1.29 to 0.72)

−0.37 (− 1.15 to 0.41)

−0.01 (− 0.42 to 0.4)

−0.29 (− 0.61 to 0.03)

−0.25 (− 1.09 to 0.59)

−0.2 (− 0.89 to 0.49)

−0.01 (− 0.38 to 0.36)

−0.21 (− 0.5 to 0.08)

 Year 2009 (Yes/No)

−2.12* (− 3.85 to − 0.39)

−1.25 (− 2.59 to 0.09)

−0.65 (− 1.36 to 0.06)

−0.6* (− 1.16 to − 0.04)

−1.83* (− 3.28 to − 0.38)

− 0.99 (− 2.18 to 0.2)

−0.51 (− 1.15 to 0.12)

−0.5* (− 1 to − 0.01)

 LR20–64a

1.32 (− 0.33 to 2.96)

0.85 (− 0.42 to 2.13)

0.47 (− 0.2 to 1.15

0.62* (0.09 to 1.15)

1.51* (0.13 to 2.89)

1.14* (0 to 2.27)

0.49 (− 0.11 to 1.09)

0.69** (0.22 to 1.16)

 P80/P20a

1.98* (0.13 to 3.83)

1.41 (− 0.03 to 2.85)

0.74 (− 0.01 to 1.5)

0.48 (− 0.11 to 1.07)

1.58* (0.03 to 3.13)

0.93 (− 0.35 to 2.2)

0.63 (− 0.05 to 1.31)

0.32 (− 0.21 to 0.85)

  1. aCIR16–99 cumulative incidence rate per 103 person-years, aged 16–99, GDP gross domestic product, MV motor vehicle, LR20–64 literacy rate at age of 20–64 years, P80/P20 income inequality based on the ratio of the average income of the richest 20% to the poorest 20%
  2. bThe 4 counties with the lowest population density: Taitung County, Yilan County, Hualien County, and Nantou County
  3. Figures in parentheses are 95% confidence interval
  4. Significant at *, **, and *** indicate significance at p < 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively