Study | Subgroup | Pooled effect size (95% CI) | Heterogeneity | Tau squared | Mixed effects analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  | Q value | Df (Q) | P value †| I Squared |  | P value |
Age (Years) | Total | 56.9 (55.1–58.8) | 1443.18 | 34 | < .001 | 97.64 | 107.603 | < .001 |
Non severe | 44.4 (40.1–48.7) | 585.98 | 16 | < .001 | 97.26 | 77.40 |  | |
Severe | 60.0 (57.9–62.1) | 78.77 | 17 | < .001 | 78.418 | 13.35 |  | |
Male | Total | 53.1 (49.5–56.6) % | 108.58 | 31 | < .001 | 71.45 | 0.104 | .001 |
Non severe | 48.6 (44.2–53.1) % | 54.23 | 15 | < .001 | 72.34 | 0.082 |  | |
Severe | 60.3 (54.7–65.7) % | 36.90 | 15 | .001 | 59.36 | 0.104 |  | |
Clinical features | ||||||||
 Headache | Total | 14.8 (12.4–17.5) % | 187.25 | 30 | < .001 | 83.97 | 0.474 | .308 |
Non severe | 12.2 (7.9–18.2) % | 170.26 | 15 | < .001 | 91.19 | 0.730 |  | |
Severe | 15.4 (12.7–18.5) % | 16.27 | 14 | .296 | 14.003 | 0.025 |  | |
 Myalgia | Total | 24.4 (18.2–32.0) % | 167.89 | 18 | < .001 | 89.279 | 0.468 | .045 |
Non severe | 19.4 (13.1–27.9) % | 102.34 | 9 | < .001 | 91.206 | 0.463 |  | |
Severe | 34.9 (22.3–49.9) % | 58.061 | 8 | < .001 | 86.221 | 0.651 |  | |
 Dizziness | Total | 11.9 (8.7–16.0) % | 16.073 | 7 | 0.024 | 56.449 | 0.106 | .506 |
Non severe | 10.9 (7.4–16.1) % | 10.27 | 4 | 0.036 | 61.076 | 0.145 |  | |
Severe | 13.5 (8.2–21.5) % | 5.619 | 2 | 0.06 | 64.409 | 0.152 |  | |
 Features of Encephalopathy / cognitive dysfunction | Total | 3.2 (1.2–8.4) % | 116.97 | 6 | < .001 | 94.87 | 4.753 | .054 |
Non severe | 1.9 (0.6–5.8) % | 2.266 | 2 | .322 | 11.743 | 0.167 |  | |
Severe | 16.9 (2.4–62.3) % | 83.34 | 3 | < .001 | 96.4 | 4.342 |  | |
 Fever | Total | 79.8 (71.6–86.2) % | 560.33 | 31 | < .001 | 94.46 | 1.159 | .213 |
Non severe | 76.9 (66.3–85.0) % | 313.83 | 15 | < .001 | 95.22 | 0.912 |  | |
Severe | 86.5 (72.6–93.9) % | 238.40 | 15 | < .001 | 93.708 | 2.63 |  | |
 Cough | Total | 59.2 (52.8–65.3) % | 285.48 | 30 | < .001 | 89.49 | 0.402 | .094 |
Non severe | 55.8 (48.2–63.2) % | 141.37 | 15 | < .001 | 89.39 | 0.302 |  | |
Severe | 67.4 (55.9–77.2) % | 135.46 | 14 | < .001 | 89.66 | 0.734 |  | |
 Neurological Complications | Total | 3.8 (1.3–10.0) % | 82.532 | 7 | < .001 | 91.518 | 2.274 | .212 |
Non severe | 1.3 (0.2–8.8) % | 17.178 | 2 | < .001 | 88.35 | 2.663 |  | |
Severe | 5.6 (1.7–17.1) % | 37.55 | 4 | < .001 | 89.34 | 1.607 |  | |
 Acute CVDa | Total | 2.6 (1.1–5.8) % | 33.02 | 7 | < .001 | 78.91 | 1.42 | .045 |
Non severe | 0.6 (0.1–3.1) % | 4.578 | 2 | 0.101 | 56.319 | 1.299 |  | |
Severe | 4.1 (1.6–10.0) % | 15.38 | 4 | 0.004 | 74.00 | 0.797 |  | |
Laboratory findings | ||||||||
 Serum CK | Total | 91.5 (79.3–103.7) | 90.95 | 15 | < .001 | 83.505 | 377.38 | .01 |
Non severe | 83.0 (69.1–96.8) | 53.346 | 7 | < .001 | 86.87 | 276.03 |  | |
Severe | 121.2 (95.4–147.1) | 18.80 | 7 | < .001 | 62.76 | 633.03 |  | |
 Serum LDH | Total | 270.6 (243.1–298.1) | 494.931 | 15 | < .001 | 96.969 | 3099.14 | .012 |
Non severe | 247.6 (214.8–280.4) | 272.42 | 7 | < .001 | 97.43 | 1997.9 |  | |
Severe | 324.9 (274.4–375.4) | 66.42 | 7 | < .001 | 89.462 | 4195.36 |  | |
 Preexisting neurological diseases | Total | 4.5 (2.8–7.0) % | 101.58 | 20 | < .001 | 80.31 | 1.055 | .072 |
Non severe | 2.6 (1.2–5.5) % | 36.692 | 9 | < .001 | 78.19 | 0.970 |  | |
Severe | 6.2 (3.5–10.9) % | 42.959 | 11 | < .001 | 74.39 | 0.772 |  |