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Table 4 Subgroup analysis between severe and non-severe groups

From: Neurological manifestations and complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Subgroup

Pooled effect size

(95% CI)

Heterogeneity

Tau squared

Mixed effects analysis

   

Q value

Df (Q)

P value †

I Squared

 

P value

Age (Years)

Total

56.9 (55.1–58.8)

1443.18

34

< .001

97.64

107.603

< .001

Non severe

44.4 (40.1–48.7)

585.98

16

< .001

97.26

77.40

 

Severe

60.0 (57.9–62.1)

78.77

17

< .001

78.418

13.35

 

Male

Total

53.1 (49.5–56.6) %

108.58

31

< .001

71.45

0.104

.001

Non severe

48.6 (44.2–53.1) %

54.23

15

< .001

72.34

0.082

 

Severe

60.3 (54.7–65.7) %

36.90

15

.001

59.36

0.104

 

Clinical features

 Headache

Total

14.8 (12.4–17.5) %

187.25

30

< .001

83.97

0.474

.308

Non severe

12.2 (7.9–18.2) %

170.26

15

< .001

91.19

0.730

 

Severe

15.4 (12.7–18.5) %

16.27

14

.296

14.003

0.025

 

 Myalgia

Total

24.4 (18.2–32.0) %

167.89

18

< .001

89.279

0.468

.045

Non severe

19.4 (13.1–27.9) %

102.34

9

< .001

91.206

0.463

 

Severe

34.9 (22.3–49.9) %

58.061

8

< .001

86.221

0.651

 

 Dizziness

Total

11.9 (8.7–16.0) %

16.073

7

0.024

56.449

0.106

.506

Non severe

10.9 (7.4–16.1) %

10.27

4

0.036

61.076

0.145

 

Severe

13.5 (8.2–21.5) %

5.619

2

0.06

64.409

0.152

 

 Features of Encephalopathy / cognitive dysfunction

Total

3.2 (1.2–8.4) %

116.97

6

< .001

94.87

4.753

.054

Non severe

1.9 (0.6–5.8) %

2.266

2

.322

11.743

0.167

 

Severe

16.9 (2.4–62.3) %

83.34

3

< .001

96.4

4.342

 

 Fever

Total

79.8 (71.6–86.2) %

560.33

31

< .001

94.46

1.159

.213

Non severe

76.9 (66.3–85.0) %

313.83

15

< .001

95.22

0.912

 

Severe

86.5 (72.6–93.9) %

238.40

15

< .001

93.708

2.63

 

 Cough

Total

59.2 (52.8–65.3) %

285.48

30

< .001

89.49

0.402

.094

Non severe

55.8 (48.2–63.2) %

141.37

15

< .001

89.39

0.302

 

Severe

67.4 (55.9–77.2) %

135.46

14

< .001

89.66

0.734

 

 Neurological Complications

Total

3.8 (1.3–10.0) %

82.532

7

< .001

91.518

2.274

.212

Non severe

1.3 (0.2–8.8) %

17.178

2

< .001

88.35

2.663

 

Severe

5.6 (1.7–17.1) %

37.55

4

< .001

89.34

1.607

 

 Acute CVDa

Total

2.6 (1.1–5.8) %

33.02

7

< .001

78.91

1.42

.045

Non severe

0.6 (0.1–3.1) %

4.578

2

0.101

56.319

1.299

 

Severe

4.1 (1.6–10.0) %

15.38

4

0.004

74.00

0.797

 

Laboratory findings

 Serum CK

Total

91.5 (79.3–103.7)

90.95

15

< .001

83.505

377.38

.01

Non severe

83.0 (69.1–96.8)

53.346

7

< .001

86.87

276.03

 

Severe

121.2 (95.4–147.1)

18.80

7

< .001

62.76

633.03

 

 Serum LDH

Total

270.6 (243.1–298.1)

494.931

15

< .001

96.969

3099.14

.012

Non severe

247.6 (214.8–280.4)

272.42

7

< .001

97.43

1997.9

 

Severe

324.9 (274.4–375.4)

66.42

7

< .001

89.462

4195.36

 

 Preexisting neurological diseases

Total

4.5 (2.8–7.0) %

101.58

20

< .001

80.31

1.055

.072

Non severe

2.6 (1.2–5.5) %

36.692

9

< .001

78.19

0.970

 

Severe

6.2 (3.5–10.9) %

42.959

11

< .001

74.39

0.772

 
  1. aCVD (Cerebrovascular diseases): Ischemic stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, and venous sinus thrombosis
  2. † P < .05 indicates the presence of heterogeneity