Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of compared between atrial fibrillation status in ischemic stroke patients stratified by gender. Results for continuous variables are presented as Mean ± SD, while discrete data are presented as percentage frequency. Student T-test and Pearson’s Chi-Square were used
| Â | No Atrial Fibrillation | Â | With Atrial Fibrillation | Â | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Male | Female | Â | Male | Female | Â |
Number of patients | 2281 | 2264 | P-value | 381 | 543 | P-Value |
Age Group: No. (%) | ||||||
 < 50 years | 295 (12.9) | 348 (15.4) | < 0.001* a | 10 (2.6) | 5 (0.9) | < 0.001* a |
 50–59 | 568 (24.9) | 374 (16.5) |  | 35 (9.2) | 19 (3.5) |  |
 60–69 | 666 (29.2) | 499 (22.0) |  | 74 (19.4) | 60 (11.0) |  |
 70–79 | 468 (20.5) | 510 (22.5) |  | 124 (32.5) | 129 (23.8) |  |
 > =80 | 284 (12.5) | 533 (23.5) |  | 138 (36.2) | 330 (60.8) |  |
Age Mean ± SD | 63.65 ± 13.156 | 66.66 ± 15.581 | < 0.001* b | 74.01 ± 11.013 | 80.09 ± 10.475 | < 0.001* b |
Race: No (%) | ||||||
 White | 1753 (76.9) | 1728 (76.3) | 0.425 | 337 (88.5) | 470 (86.6) | 0.692 |
 Black | 452 (19.8) | 444 (19.6) |  | 40 (10.5) | 66 (12.2) |  |
 Other | 76 (3.3) | 92 (4.1) |  | 4 (1.0) | 7 (1.3) |  |
Hispanic Ethnicity: No. (%) | 37 (1.6) | 41 (1.8) | 0.624 | 1 (0.3) | 6 (1.1) | 0.146 |
BMI: Mean ± SD | 28.1229 ± 6.041 | 29.084 ± 7.847 | < 0.001* b | 27.578 ± 5.619 | 26.669 ± 7.263 | 0.034* b |
Medical History: No. (%) | ||||||
 Coronary Artery Disease | 732 (32.1) | 521 (23.0) | < 0.001* a | 203 (53.3) | 205 (37.8) | < 0.001* a |
 Carotid Artery Stenosis | 152 (6.7) | 120 (5.3) | 0.053 | 39 (10.2) | 23 (4.2) | < 0.001* a |
 Depression | 226 (9.9) | 375 (16.6) | < 0.001* a | 45 (11.8) | 75 (13.8) | 0.373 |
 Diabetes | 798 (35.0) | 817 (36.1) | 0.438 | 153 (40.2) | 167 (30.8) | 0.003* a |
 Drugs or Alcohol | 238 (10.4) | 75 (3.3) | < 0.001* a | 18 (4.7) | 6 (1.1) | 0.001* a |
 Dyslipidemia | 1112 (48.8) | 1104 (48.8) | 0.993 | 252 (66.1) | 287 (52.9) | < 0.001 |
 Stroke Family History | 190 (8.3) | 216 (9.5) | 0.152 | 34 (8.9) | 54 (9.9) | 0.603 |
 Heart Failure | 156 (6.8) | 187 (8.3) | 0.070 | 89 (23.4) | 158 (29.1) | 0.052 |
 HRT | 1 (0.0) | 64 (2.8) | < 0.001* a | 0 (0.0) | 14 (2.6) | 0.002* a |
 Hypertension | 1727 (75.7) | 1763 (77.9) | 0.085 | 329 (86.4) | 487 (89.7) | 0.120 |
 Migraine | 28 (1.2) | 95 (4.2) | < 0.001* a | 1 (0.3) | 10 (1.8) | 0.029* a |
 Obesity | 982 (43.1) | 992 (43.8) | 0.603 | 166 (43.6) | 171 (31.5) | < 0.001* a |
 Previous Stroke | 559 (24.5) | 590 (26.1) | 0.228 | 112 (29.4) | 163 (30.0) | 0.839 |
 Previous TIA (> 24 h) | 175 (7.7) | 214 (9.5) | 0.032* a | 38 (10.0) | 50 (9.2) | 0.696 |
 Prosthetic Heart Valve | 22 (1.0) | 16 (0.7) | 0.340 | 13 (3.4) | 11 (2.0) | 0.192 |
 Peripheral Vascular Disease | 153 (6.7) | 154 (6.8) | 0.899 | 39 (10.2) | 54 (9.9) | 0.885 |
 Chronic Renal Disease | 184 (8.1) | 160 (7.1) | 0.203 | 48 (12.6) | 55 (10.1) | 0.240 |
 Sleep Apnea | 77 (3.4) | 55 (2.4) | 0.57 | 24 (6.3) | 14 (2.6) | 0.005* a |
 Smoker | 834 (36.6) | 567 (25.0) | < 0.001* a | 49 (12.9) | 36 (6.6) | 0.001* a |
 HTN medication | 1428 (62.6) | 1546 (68.3) | < 0.001* a | 335 (87.9) | 485 (89.3) | 0.510 |
 Cholesterol Reducer | 989 (43.4) | 951 (42.0) | 0.357 | 238 (62.5) | 250 (46.0) | < 0.001* a |
 Diabetic Medication | 615 (27.0) | 644 (28.4) | 0.264 | 120 (31.5) | 116 (21.4) | 0.001* a |
 Antidepressant | 209 (9.2) | 375 (16.6) | < 0.001* a | 42 (11.0) | 85 (15.7) | 0.044* a |
Lab values: Mean ± SD | ||||||
 Total cholesterol | 168.81 ± 46.974 | 181.17 ± 51.94 | < 0.001* b | 148.72 ± 73.92 | 161.76 ± 42.702 | 0.002 |
 Triglycerides | 146.89 ± 114.017 | 142.5 ± 103.031 | 0.205 | 116.65 ± 85.91 | 111.91 ± 75.410 | 0.414 |
 HDL | 38.45 ± 12.601 | 44.94 ± 14.437 | < 0.001* b | 38.33 ± 12.396 | 45.39 ± 13.337 | < 0.001* b |
 LDL | 104.33 ± 40.106 | 110.03 ± 43.688 | < 0.001* b | 86.78 ± 33.636 | 95.52 ± 35.111 | 0.001* b |
 Lipids | 6.5401 ± 1.86633 | 6.6506 ± 3.3761 | 0.209 | 6.3937 ± 1.518 | 6.0918 ± 1.3526 | 0.005* b |
 Blood Glucose | 147.41 ± 80.058 | 150.25 ± 87.482 | 0.254 | 142.83 ± 66.47 | 137.65 ± 64.136 | 0.239 |
 Serum Creatinine | 1.3927 ± 1.21170 | 1.1840 ± 1.1746 | < 0.001* b | 1.501 ± 1.3264 | 1.1714 ± 0.70412 | < 0.001* b |
 INR | 1.0963 ± 0.29154 | 1.0714 ± 0.2832 | 0.010* b | 1.4824 ± 1.049 | 1.3406 ± 0.8496 | 0.042* b |
Vital Signs: Mean ± SD | ||||||
 Heart Rate | 80.20 ± 18.099 | 83.21 ± 18.034 | < 0.001* b | 81.79 ± 19.790 | 84.72 ± 20.642 | 0.031* b |
 Blood Pressure Systolic | 152.82 ± 29.094 | 151.69 ± 30.417 | 0.204 | 147.77 ± 27.06 | 151.04 ± 26.749 | 0.069 |
 Blood Pressure Diastolic | 85.23 ± 18.257 | 80.26 ± 19.358 | < 0.001* b | 80.84 ± 18.633 | 80.94 ± 20.540 | 0.939 |
Ambulation Status Prior to Event: No. (%) | ||||||
 Ambulate Independently | 2119 (92.9) | 2033 (89.8) | 0.003* a | 334 (87.7) | 401 (73.8) | < 0.001* a |
 Ambulate with Assistance | 58 (2.5) | 79 (3.5) |  | 16 (4.2) | 50 (9.2) |  |
 Unable to Ambulate | 65 (2.8) | 95 (4.2) |  | 14 (3.7) | 39 (7.2) |  |
 Not Documented | 39 (1.7) | 57 (2.5) |  | 17 (4.5) | 52 (9.6) |  |
Ambulation Status on Admission: No. (%) | ||||||
 Ambulate Independently | 660 (28.9) | 542 (23.9) | < 0.001* a | 67 (17.6) | 62 (11.4) | < 0.001* a |
 Ambulate with Assistance | 671 (29.4) | 722 (31.9) |  | 119 (31.2) | 114 (21.0) |  |
 Unable to Ambulate | 611 (26.8) | 686 (30.3) |  | 133 (34.9) | 298 (54.9) |  |
 Not Documented | 339 (14.9) | 314 (13.9) |  | 62 (16.3) | 69 (12.7) |  |
Ambulation Status on Discharge: No. (%) | ||||||
 Ambulate Independently | 1061 (46.5) | 887 (39.2) | < 0.001* a | 123 (32.3) | 103 (19.0) | < 0.001* a |
 Ambulate with Assistance | 718 (31.5) | 796 (35.2) |  | 128 (33.6) | 178 (32.8) |  |
 Unable to Ambulate | 338 (14.8) | 449 (19.8) |  | 91 (23.9) | 191 (35.2) |  |
 Not Documented | 164 (7.2) | 132 (5.8) |  | 39 (10.2) | 71 (13.1) |  |
 rtPA Administration | 584 (25.6) | 532 (23.5) |  |  |  |  |
First Care Received No. (%) | ||||||
 Emergency Department | 1772 (78.5) | 1767 (78.7) | 0.895 | 313 (82.8) | 445 (82.4) | 0.876 |
 Direct Admission | 485 (21.5) | 479 (21.3) |  | 65 (17.2) | 95 (17.6) |  |