Table 3 The inferior medial pontine syndrome of Foville: clinical nuances reported since its first description
From: Crossed brainstem syndrome revealing bleeding brainstem cavernous malformation: an illustrative case
Author - year | Journal | Age | Cause | VI palsy | Ipsilateral superior VII palsy | Ipsilateral inferior VII palsy | Lateral gaze palsy | Face-sparing hemiparesis / plegia | Proportional hemiparesis / plegia | Contralateral hemianesthesia | Contralateral sympathetic symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foville 1859 [5] | Gaz Hebd Med Chir | Â | Â | Â | Â | yes | ipsiletaral | contralateral | Â | Â | Â |
Mutch 1939 [25] | Brit J Ophtalmology | 56 | Â | ipsilateral | yes | yes | ipsilateral | ipsilateral lower limb | Â | Â | Â |
Freeman 1943 [26] | Arch Neurology & Psychiatry | 25 | Â | ipsilateral | yes | yes | ipsilateral | contralateral | Â | yes | Â |
| Â | Â | 60 | pontine hemorrhage | both sides | yes | yes | both sides | contralateral upper limb | Â | yes | Â |
| Â | Â | 70 | pontine hemorrhage | ipsilateral | yes | yes | ipsilateral | contralateral | Â | Â | Â |
Melkild 1957 [27] | Acta Med Scand | 48 | hemorrhage (pheochromocytoma) | Â | yes | yes | ipsilateral | contralateral | Â | Â | Â |
Leslie 1958 [28] | J Am Geriatrics Soc | 76 | cerebellar tumor | ipsilateral | yes | yes | ipsilateral | ipsilateral pyramidal | Â | Â | Â |
Takase 1981 [29] | Shinkei Neurol Surg | 48 | basilar aneurysm clipping | Â | Â | Â | ipsilateral deviation | Â | yes | Â | Â |
Hubloue 1996 [30] | Eur J Emerg Med | 74 | transient ischemic attack | ipsilateral | yes | yes | ipsilateral | contralateral | Â | yes | Â |
Sato 2000 [31] | Rinsho Shinkeigaku Clin Neurol | 88 | pontine hemorrhage | ipsilateral | yes | yes | Â | contralateral | Â | proportional | yes |
Nakaso 2009 [32] | Internal Medicine | 61 | pontine hemorrhage (cavernoma) | Â | Â | Â | ipsilateral | contralateral | Â | Â | Â |
Cheng 2013 [33] | Taiwan Journal of Ophtalmology | Â | pontine hemorrhage | ipsilateral internuclear ophtalmoplegia | yes | yes | Â | contralateral | Â | yes | Â |
Canepa-Raggio 2014 [34] | BMJ Case reports | Â | infarction (vertebral a. dissecction) | Â | numbness | numbness | Â | contralateral upper limb | Â | yes | Â |
Man 2015 [35] | BMJ Case reports | 44 | pontine lung metastasis | Â | yes | yes | ipsilateral | contralateral | Â | Â | Â |
Massi 2016 [36] | Pan Afr Med J | 20 | pontine hemorrhage | ipsilateral | yes | yes | ipsilateral | contralateral | Â | Â | Â |
Selvadurai 2016 [37] | Neurology | 68 | pontine hemorrhage (telangiectasia) | Â | Â | Â | ipsilateral | contralateral | Â | Â | Â |