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Table 1 Summary of the characteristics of Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis-related cases reported in the literature

From: First report of Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis caused by Salmonella Dublin: a case report

Publisher

Publication time

Country

Infection types

Gender

Age

GQ1bIgG

antibody

CSFa test

Imaging examination

Kikuchi,M et al. [10]

1997

Japan

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

male

7

positive

Protein cell dissociation

T2 high signal around aqueduct

Steer AC.et al. [11]

2006

Japan

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

male

11

positive

Protein and cell normal

MRI showed diffuse meningeal enhancement and patchy hyperintensity in the spinal cord

Hussain AM [13]

2007

UK

Campylobacter jejuni

male

54

negative

Protein and cell normal

T2 hyperintense area in the brainstem

Masahiro Mori et al. [14]

2008

Japan

Campylobacter jejuni

female

26

positive

Protein cell dissociation

Not done

Kanzaki A et al. [15]

1995

Japan

Cytomegalovirus

female

17

positive

Protein and cell normal

Brain CT and MRI were normal

Tagawa Y,et a [7]

2000

Japan

Varicella zoster virus

male

59

positive

Protein cell dissociation

No abnormality was found

Rho, YI [8]

2014

Korea

Epstein Barr virus

male

2

negative

Protein and cell normal

MRI was normal

Wali GM.et al. [16]

1991

India

Salmonella typhi

male

14

Not recorded

Protein and cell normal

Brain CT was normal

Bun Sheng

et al. [17]

2010

Hong Kong, China

Salmonella Paratyphi A

female

28

positive

Protein and cell normal

brainstem edema with patchy T2 hyperintensity

Gianni Coriolani et al. [12]

2020

Italy

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Not recorded

7.5

Not recorded

Protein and cell normal

8 mm × 4 mm in T2-FLAIR sequences in the left thalamic area and the posterior left medulla oblongata-spinal

  1. aCSF Cerebrospinal fluid