Table 1 The characteristics of included studies
From: The global prevalence of familial multiple sclerosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis
First author, Published Yeara | Prevalence day or period | Setting/ case ascertainment | Place | Diagnostic criteria of probands | Tool for ascertainment of MS in relatives | Number of probands /Sample size | Mean age of MS onset in probands | FMS Prevalence (%) | MS Prevalence (Per 100,000) | Latitudec | POMS in probands (Below 18 or 16 yr.) | Geographical area | Sex ratio of probands (F/M) | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salehi, 2020a [13] | 1999–2018 | Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system | Tehran, Iran | McDonaldb | Questionnaire | 2506/ 18,945 | 28.49 ± 8.79 | 13.2 | 148 | 35°44′N | Nobody | Middle East | NR | 9 |
Salehi, 2020b [13] | 1999–2018 | Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system | Tehran, Iran | McDonald | Questionnaire | 220/1391 | NR | 15.8 | 148 | 35°44′N | All < 18 | Middle East | NR | 9 |
Dorche, 2020 [14] | 2004–2018 | Cross-sectional/ Neurology clinic | Shiraz, Iran | McDonald | Medical records | 48/871 | M: 26.4 ± 9.7 F: 24.3 ± 10.5 | 5.5 | 63.4 | 29.59°N | NR | Middle East | NR | 5 |
Ceccarelli, 2020 [15] | 2015–2017 | Cross-sectional/ Single-center Hospital | Abu Dhabi, UAE | McDonald | Questionnaire | 24/98 | 28.9 ± 10.7 | 24.5 | 7 | 24°28′N | Nobody | Middle East | 1.6 | 5 |
AlJumah, 2020 [16] | 2015–2018 | Cross-sectional/ National registry | Saudi Arabia | McDonald | Questionnaire | 315/2465 | 26.81 ± 8.98 | 12.8 | 41 | 23.88° N | NR | Middle East | 1.9 | 5 |
Steenhof, 2019a [7] | 1960–2016 | Cross-sectional/ Danish MS Registry | Denmark | Allison/Millar, Poser and/or McDonald | Medical records | 1122/ 18,095 | NR | 6.2 | 282 | 56° 00 N | Nobody | Europe | 1.9 | 6 |
Steenhof, 2019b [8] | 1994–2014 | Cross-sectional/ Danish MS Registry | Denmark | Poser and McDonald | Medical records | 531/7402 | NR | 7.2 | 282 | 56° 00 N | Nobody | Europe | 2.1 | 7 |
Mohebi, 2019 [17] | 1989–2016 | Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system | Tehran, Iran | McDonald | Questionnaire | 2260/ 18,061 | 28.03 ± 8.69 | 12.52 | 116 | 35°44′N | 8.18 < 18 | Middle East | 2.80 | 8 |
Eskandarieh, 2019 [18] | 1999–2017 | Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system | Tehran, Iran | Before 2001 = Poser After 2001 = McDonald | Questionnaire | 288/1937 | 15.87 ± 2.28 | 14.9 | 148.06 | 35°44′N | All ≤18 | Middle East | 3.05 | 8 |
Abbasi, 2019 [19] | 2017–2018 | Cross-sectional/ Ardabil MS Registry | Ardabil, Iran | McDonald | Medical records | 85/611 | NR | 14 | 59.37 | 38°15′N | NR | Middle East | 2.7 | 6 |
Yamamoto, 2018 [20] | 2002–2015 | Cross-sectional/ academic institution | Cleveland, Ohio, USA | McDonald | Medical records | 19/60 | NR | 32 | 288 | 41°30′N | All < 18 | North America | NR | 5 |
Viswanathan, 2018 [21] | 2009–2017 | Cross-sectional/ three major neurology departments (either clinics or wards) | Malaysia | McDonald | Medical records | 6/123 | NR | 4.9 | 3 | 2°30′N | NR | Southeast Asia | NR | 7 |
Omrani, 2018 [22] | 2005–2015 | Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system | Tehran, Iran | McDonald | Questionnaire | 50/300 | NR | 16.7 | 115.94 | 35°44′N | All < 18 | Middle East | NR | 7 |
Eskandarieh, 2018a [23] | 1991–2017 | Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system | Tehran, Iran | Before 2001 = Poser After 2001 = McDonald | Questionnaire | 2547/ 19,902 | NR | 12.8 | 148.06 | 35°44′N | NR | Middle East | NR | 6 |
Eskandarieh, 2018b [24] | 1999–2015 | Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system | Tehran, Iran | Poser (up to 2001) McDonald (after 2001) | Questionnaire | 1793/ 13,968 | NR | 12.8 | 115.94 | 35°44′N | Nobody | Middle East | NR | 8 |
Eskandarieh, 2018c [24] | 1999–2015 | Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system | Tehran, Iran | Poser (up to 2001) McDonald (after 2001) | Questionnaire | 242/1647 | NR | 14.7 | 115.94 | 35°44′N | All < 18 | Middle East | NR | 8 |
Eskandarieh, 2017a [25] | 2014–2015 | Cross-sectional / Iranian MS Society registry system | Tehran, Iran | McDonald | Questionnaire | 207/1495 | NR | 13.8 | 101.39 | 35°44′N | NR | Middle East | NR | 7 |
Eskandarieh, 2017b [26] | 2013–2014 | Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system | Tehran, Iran | McDonald or Poser | Questionnaire | 174/1234 | NR | 14.1 | 101.39 | 35°44′N | NR | Middle East | NR | 6 |
Schiess, 2016 [27] | 2010–2014 | Cross-sectional/ Multi-center Hospital | Abu Dhabi, UAE | McDonald | Questionnaire | 32/257 | NR | 12.4 | 64.44 | 24°28′N | NR | Middle East | NR | 6 |
Rojas, 2016 [28] | 2016 | Cross-sectional/ 14 MS Centers | Argentina | McDonald, Poser | Questionnaire | 97/1333 | 29.4 ± 5.1 | 7.3 | 25 | 34°00′S | NR | South America | 1.5 | 8 |
Mazdeh, 2016 [29] | 2013 | Cross-sectional/ Single-center Hospital | Hamadan, Iran | McDonald | Questionnaire | 103/1202 | NR | 8.57 | 61 | 34°52′N | NR | Middle East | 3.2 | 5 |
Etemadifar, 2016a [30] | 2003–2013 | Cross-sectional/ Isfahan MS Society registry system | Isfahan, Iran | McDonald | Medical records | 650/4315 | NR | 15 | 58.7 | 32°39′N | Nobody | Middle East | NR | 6 |
Etemadifar, 2016b [30] | 2003–2013 | Cross-sectional/ Isfahan MS Society registry system | Isfahan, Iran | McDonald | Medical records | 22/221 | NR | 9.9 | 58.7 | 32°39′N | All ≤16 | Middle East | NR | 6 |
Alifirova, 2016 [31] | 1980–2014 | Cross-sectional/ Tomsk MS registry system | Tomsk, Russia | McDonald | Medical records | 15/320 | 26.05 ± 9.91 | 4.7 | 50 | 56°30′N | NR | Europe | NR | 7 |
Abedini, 2016 [32] | 2013–2014 | Cross-sectional/ Mazandaran MS Society registry system | Mazandaran, Iran | McDonald | Questionnaire | 33/152 | NR | 21.7 | 57 | 36°12′N | NR | Middle East | NR | 6 |
Papais-Alvarenga, 2015 [33] | 1990–2011 | Cross-sectional/ Single-center Hospital | Río de Janeiro State, Brazil | McDonald | McDonald | 40/653 | 28.5 ± 10.57 | 6.12 | 15 | 22° 55′ S | 6 (15%) < 18 | South America | 4 | 9 |
Toghianifar, 2014 [34] | 2011 | Cross sectional/ Isfahan MS Society registry system | Isfahan, Iran | McDonald | Questionnaire | 430/3911 | 29.7 ± 9.6 | 11 | 35 | 32°39′N | 59 (13.7%) ≤19 | Middle East | 2.61 | 8 |
Reinhardt, 2014 [35] | 2009–2011 | Cohort/ German MS Society registry system | Germany | McDonald | Questionnaire | 17/122 | NR | 13.9 | 210 | 51.51°N | All ≤15 | Europe | NR | 6 |
Hader, 2014 [36] | 1977–2012 | Cohort/ Local MS registry | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada | Allison and Millar,Schumacher | Questionnaire | 49/150 | M: 27.6 ± 8.4 F: 26.8 ± 8.5 | 32.7 | 110 | 52°10′N | NR | North America | 2.8 | 7 |
Alroughani, 2014 [37] | 2009–2012 | Cross-sectional/ two MS clinics | Kuwait | McDonald | Medical records | 98/736 | NR | 13.32 | 83 | 29° 30′ N | NR | Middle East | NR | 7 |
Tipirneni, 2013 [38] | 2006 | Cross-sectional/ 15 MS treatment centers | New York, USA | McDonald | Questionnaire | 196/758 | 36.2 ± 9.6 | 25.9 | 135 | 42°53′N | NR | North America | 3.5 | 8 |
Saman-Nezhad, 2013 [39] | 2012 | Cross-sectional/ Kermanshah MS Society registry system | Kermanshah, Iran | McDonald | Medical records | 14/448 | NR | 3.1 | 43.3 | 34°23′N | NR | Middle East | NR | 6 |
Rezaali, 2013 [40] | 2011 | Cross-sectional/ Qom MS Society registry system | Qom, Iran | Poser and McDonald | Medical records and questionnaire | 64/572 | NR | 11.2 | 50.4 | 34°40′N | NR | Middle East | NR | 7 |
Hashemilar, 2011 [41] | 2005–2009 | Cross-sectional/ CDTMS registry | East Azerbaijan, Iran | McDonald | Medical records | 71/1000 | NR | 7.1 | 27.7 | 37°20′N | NR | Middle East | 1.6 | 6 |
Banwell, 2011 [42] | 2004–2010 | Cohort/ 16 pediatric health-care facilities and seven regional health-care facilities | Canada | McDonald | Questionnaire | 10/63 | NR | 16 | 281 | 60° 00 N | All < 16 | North America | NR | 6 |
Ashtari, 2011 [43] | 2007 | Cross-sectional/ MS clinics of University | Isfahan, Iran | McDonald | Questionnaire | 119/593 | 29.2 ± 9 | 20.1 | 43.5 | 32°39′N | NR | Middle East | 3.76 | 6 |
Sahraian, 2010 [44] | 2002–2008 | Cross-sectional/ Iranian MS Society registry system | Tehran, Iran | McDonald and Poser | Questionnaire | 773/8146 | NR | 9.5 | 51.9 | 32° 00′ N | NR | Middle East | NR | 6 |
Kułakowska, 2010 [45] | 2008–2009 | Cross-sectional/ 21 centers providing MS treatment | Poland | McDonald | Questionnaire | 184/2871 | NR | 6.4 | 57 | 52° 00′ N | NR | Europe | NR | 6 |
Yamout, 2008 [46] | 2005–2007 | Cohort/ Lebanese registry of MS | Lebanon | McDonald | Medical records and questionnaire | 10/202 | NR | 5 | 25 | 33°00′N | Nobody | Middle East | NR | 5 |
Taraghi, 2007 [47] | 2005–2006 | Cross-sectional/ Mazandaran MS Association | Mazandaran, Iran | McDonald | Questionnaire | 7/101 | NR | 7 | 27.9 | 36°30′N | NR | Middle East | NR | 5 |
Saadatnia, 2007 [48] | 2003–2006 | Cross-sectional/ Isfahan MS Society registry system | Isfahan, Iran | McDonald | Medical records | 209/1718 | NR | 12.2 | 43.8 | 32°39′N | NR | Middle East | 2.7 | 7 |
Fricska-Nagy, 2007 [49] | 2004 | Cross-sectional/ five Hungarian MS centers | Hungary | McDonald | Medical records | 33/1500 | NR | 2.2 | 62 | 47° 00′ N | NR | Europe | 2.6 | 6 |
Peterlin, 2006 [50] | 1999 | Cross-sectional/ National registry and multi-center clinics | Gorski kotar– Kočevje, neighboring regions of the Republics of Croatia and Slovenia, respectively | Poser’s | Medical records | 25/87 | NR | 28.7 | 151.9 | 45° 15′ N | NR | Europe | NR | 7 |
Etemadifar, 2006 [51] | 2004–2005 | Cross-sectional/ Isfahan MS Society registry system | Isfahan, Iran | McDonald | Questionnaire and medical records | 161/1391 | NR | 11.6 | 35.5 | 32°39′N | NR | Middle East | NR | 7 |
Deryck, 2006 [52] | 1987–2003 | Cohort/ National MS Centre and Neurology department of the University | Belgium | Poser | Medical records | 9/49 | NR | 18.4 | 68 | 50° 50′ N | All < 16 | Europe | NR | 6 |
Ebers, 2000 [53] | 1972–1997 | Cohort/ University Clinic | London, Ontario, Canada | Poser | Questionnaire and medical records | 208/1044 | NR | 19.9 | 160 | 42°59′N | NR | North America | 1.8 | 5 |
Gonzalez, 1995 [54] | 1973–1992 | Cross-sectional/ National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery | Mexico | Poser | Medical records | 9/272 | NR | 3.3 | 1.6 | 19.00° N | NR | Central America | NR | 6 |
Hader, 1988 [55] | 1974–1983 | Cross-sectional, Multi-center Hospital | London, Ontario, Canada | Schumacher | Medical records and Questionnaire | 39/229 | NR | 17 | 88 | 42°59′N | NR | North America | NR | 7 |
Wikstrom, 1984 [56] | 1964–1979 | Cross-sectional/ Both national registry and central hospitals | Jalasjarvi District of Vaasa, Finland | Schumacher | Questionnaire | 15/51 | 33.7 ± 8.7 | 29.4 | 101 | 63.09° N | NR | Europe | NR | 6 |