Table 2 Multivariable analysis of factors associated with the primary outcomes

Gender

1.32

(1.22–1.42)

Age (for 10-year increment)

1.36

(1.34–1.39)

Year of onset (for 3-year increment)

0.82

(0.80–0.85)

Mechanism of injury

  Motor vehicle driver

(reference)

  Motor vehicle passenger

1.73

(0.98–3.05)

  Back seat passenger

2.65

(1.65–4.28)

  Motorcycle Driver

1.18

(0.89–1.56)

  Motorcycle Passenger

1.52

(0.74–3.13)

  Bicycle

1.85

(1.43–2.39)

  Pedestrian

2.21

(1.71–2.86)

  Other vehicle

1.97

(1.12–3.44)

  Fall from a great height

2.82

(2.15–3.69)

  Fall down the stairs

1.82

(1.41–2.34)

  Fall on the ground level

1.85

(1.45–2.37)

  Other blunt injury

1.89

(1.47–2.45)

  Penetrating

2.90

(1.04–8.13)

Alcohol drunk

0.51

(0.46–0.57)

Anticoagulant / antiplatelet

1.51

(1.26–1.80)

Hypotension (BP ≤ 90) on arrival

2.70

(2.29–3.18)

GCS score on arrival (for 1-score increment)

0.72

(0.72–0.73)

Type of TBI

  Diffuse brain injury

(reference)

  Focal brain injury

0.90

(0.82–0.99)

  Uncategorized

0.84

(0.74–0.96)

Injury site (n)

  1

(reference)

  2

1.11

(1.01–1.23)

  3 ≤ 

1.11

(0.99–1.25)

Max head AIS

  3

(reference)

  4

2.39

(2.09–2.73)

  5

7.50

(6.58–8.54)

Operation for elevated ICP

0.69

(0.64–0.74)

Complication

  None

(reference)

  Neurological

0.40

(0.34–0.47)

  Non-neurological

1.66

(1.52–1.82)