Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of all subjects

Number, n

47

28

19

28

–

–

–

Handedness of writing (R: L)

47: 0

28: 0

19: 0

28:0

–

–

–

Age, y

55.00 ± 9.27

52.06 ± 7.00

54.88 ± 10.89

55.07 ± 8.20

0.085^#

0.361

0.947^#

Gender, M/F

23/24

8/20

8/11

15/13

0.083

0.164

0.440

Duration of disease, years

1.74 ± 1.61

–

1.87 ± 1.32

1.65 ± 1.80

–

–

0.288^#

H & Y stage

–

–

1.87 ± 0.37

1.82 ± 0.58

–

–

1.000^#

UPDRS score

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Part I

–

–

0.79 ± 1.72

0.86 ± 1.21

–

–

0.448^#

Part II

–

–

6.63 ± 3.18

6.21 ± 4.09

–

–

0.710

Part III

–

–

20.79 ± 7.44

19.79 ± 8.71

–

–

0.683

Part IV

–

–

0

0

–

–

–

NMSS score

21.95 ± 20.82

25.96 ± 21.73

0.380^#

HDRS score

–

–

5.21 ± 6.87

6.79 ± 5.32

–

–

0.112^#

HARS score

–

–

3.79 ± 4.88

5.68 ± 4.30

–

–

0.058^#

MoCA score

–

–

27.89 ± 2.49

24.89 ± 3.28

–

–

0.002*

EDU, years

10.04 ± 4.01

10.29 ± 3.75

12.53 ± 3.03

8.36 ± 3.74

0.757^#

0.001*

< 0.001*^#