Fig. 5

Longitudinal spindle rate and duration during N2 sleep. Topographical map of the a spindle rate and b duration across ages shows a dramatic increase on the night of high-dose diazepam treatment (red arrow) that is sustained. A transient increase in spindles at ages 6.2–7.0 years coincides with the start of dexmethylphenidate. c Spindle rate and d Spindle duration for 56 control children using the same detector [32] Open black circles indicate individual children, horizontal red line indicates the median value. The case values are shown in blue (pre-treatment) and orange (post treatment). Here, the higher orange value corresponds to the night of high-dose valium treatment (1 mg/kg) and the lower value to a night several months later on a decreased dose (0.2 mg/kg)