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Table 3 Characteristics of subjects included in VBM analyses

From: Decreased nocturnal heart rate variability and potentially related brain regions in arteriosclerotic cerebral small vessel disease

 

CSVD group (n = 24)

Control group(n = 21)

P

Sex (male / famale)

15/9

8/13

0.102

Age, years, median (IQR)

63.5 (60.8,69.0)

69.0 (68.0,70.0)

0.014*

Hypertension, n(%)

21 (87.5)

6 (28.6)

< 0.001*

DM, n(%)

5 (20.8)

2 (9.5)

0.527

History of symptomatic stroke, n(%)

11 (45.8)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001*

Hyperlipidemia, n(%)

21 (87.5)

4 (19.0)

< 0.001*

Smoking history, n(%)

5 (20.8)

1 (4.8)

0.253

Presence of lacunar infarcts, n(%)

9 (37.5)

0 (0.0)

0.006*

Extensive WMHa, n(%)

22 (91.7)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001*

Moderate to extensive EPVSs in basal gangliab, n(%)

18 (75.0)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001*

Presence of cerebral microbleeds, n(%)

22 (91.7)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001*

Total CSVD burden, n(%)

 1

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

–

 2

4 (16.7)

0 (0.0)

0.151

 3

10 (41.7)

0 (0.0)

0.003*

 4

10 (41.7)

0 (0.0)

0.003*

PSQI, median (IQR)

5.5 (3.0,9.3)

6.0 (4.0,9.0)

0.515

BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR)

24.1 (22.3,27.8)

22.4 (20.8,25.4)

0.125

AHI, times/hour, median (IQR)

19.4(12.1, 27.8)

9.5(6.6, 16.6)

0.004*

PLMI during sleep period, times/hour, median (IQR)

1.8(0.0, 16.4)

0.4(0.0, 12.4)

0.591

Average HR during the sleep period, times/min, median (IQR)

65.5 (60.8,72.5)

63.0 (57.0,69.0)

0.127

HRV during awake period, median (IQR)

 SDNN

70.7 (61.2, 86.5)

78.5 (64.0, 80.8)

0.585

 RMSSD

28.7(19.3, 41.8)

29.7(25.2, 44.3)

0.381

 PNN50

3.1(0.9, 9)

7.5(3.8, 16.6)

0.024*

 LF/HF

1.4(1.0, 2.0)

1.2(0.9, 1.5)

0.231

HRV during sleep period, median (IQR)

 SDNN

53.9 (45.7,64.0)

69.6 (49.4,74.2)

0.009*

 RMSSD

26.4(19.4, 41.8)

29.3(24.7, 43.5)

0.260

 PNN50

2.9(1.0, 9.3)

7.4(4.2, 19.1)

0.006*

 LF/HF

1.2(0.9, 1.8)

1.0(0.8, 1.2)

0.144

  1. Statistical significance is reported as * (P < 0.05)
  2. Abbreviations: VBM voxel-based morphometry, CSVD cerebral small vessel disease, IQR interquartile range, DM diabetes mellitus, WMH white matter hyperintensity, EPVSs enlarged perivascular spaces, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, BMI body mass index, AHI apnea- hypopnea index, PLMI periodic limb movements index, SDNN the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals, RMSSD the root mean square of successive differences in RR intervals, PNN50 the percentage of normal R-R intervals that differ by 50 ms, LF low-frequency power, HF high-frequency power
  3. aExtensive WMH: deep WMH Fazekas 2–3(confluent or early confluent) and/or periventricular WMH Fazekas 3(extending into the deep white matter)
  4. bModerate to extensive EPVSs in basal ganglia: 10–25 or > 25 EPVSs in basal ganglia
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BMC Neurology

ISSN: 1471-2377

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