Reduced default mode network connectivity relative to white matter integrity is associated with poor cognitive outcomes in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants

Variables	iNPH (n = 20)	HCs (n = 10)	P value
Age (years)	79.4 ± 6.1	70.2 ± 7.3	0.001
Sex (women/men)	8/12	4/6	0.259
Educational attainment (years)	10.6 ± 3.1	12.1 ± 1.7	0.093
Disease duration (years)	2.4 ± 1.8
iNPHGS
Gait	2.0, 0–3
Cognition	2.0, 1–3
Urination	1.5, 0–3
Total	5.5, 2–8
MMSE (/30)	23.2 ± 5.0	28.1 ± 2.2	0.314
FAB (/18)	11.9 ± 2.8	16.2 ± 1.5	0.004
RAVLT
Immediate recall (/75)	22.2 ± 9.0	39.3 ± 8.6	0.006
Delayed recall (/15)	2.3 ± 2.2	8.8 ± 2.0	< 0.001
Recognition (/30)	24.0 ± 4.4	27.9 ± 1.1	0.111
TUG
Completion time (seconds)	17.6 ± 13.1	N/A
Number of steps	28.9 ± 18.8	N/A
DMN connectivity	2.751 ± 0.441	3.857 ± 1.191	0.018
ROI FA	0.459 ± 0.021	0.481 ± 0.012	0.018

Data are presented as means ± SDs except for sex (women/men) and iNPHGS scores (median, range). Analysis of covariance used except for age (Student’s t-test), sex (chi-square test), and educational attainment (Student’s t-test)
DMN default mode network, FAB frontal assessment battery, HCs healthy controls, iNPH idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, iNPHGS idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus grading scale, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, N/A not assessed, RAVLT Rey auditory verbal learning test, ROI FA mean fractional anisotropy value within the whole-brain white matter region of interest, TUG Timed Up and Go test

ISSN: 1471-2377