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Table 1 Gurd and Wilson’s criteria, Modified Gurd’s criteria, Lindeque’s criteria and Schonfeld’s criteria for CFE diagnosis

From: Delayed onset of fat embolus in the cerebral venous system after breast and hip augmentation: a case report

Criteria

Items

Diagnosis

Gurd and Wilson’s [25]

Major

• Petechiae

• Respiratory symptoms with positive radiographic changes

• Cerebral signs unrelated with head injury or any other condition

Minor

• Tachycardia

• Fever

• Retinal changes

• Anuria or oliguria

• Sudden drop in hemoglobin level

• Thrombocytopenia

• Fat globule in urine or sputum

• High EST

2 major or

1 major + 4 minor

Modified Gurd’s [15]

Major

• Petechiae on conjunctiva and upper trunk

• PaO2<60 at FIO2 with or without pulmonary infiltrate on chest X-ray

• Altered mentality with multiple cerebral white matter lesion on brain MRI

Minor

• HR>100/min

• Temperature>38 °C

• Platelet<100 × 103/μL

• Anemia with coagulopathy or DIC without definite ongoing bleeding site

• Anuria or oliguria

• Retinal infarct

1 major + 3 minor or

2 major + 2 minor

Lindeque’s [26]

• A sustained PaO2<60 mmHg

• A sustained PaCO2>55 mmHg or a PH<7.3

• A sustained respiratory rate>35/min after adequate sedation

• Increased work of breathing and tachycardia combined with anxiety

≥1 item

Schonfeld’s [27]

• Petechiae

5

>5 points

• X-ray infiltrate on chest

4

• Hypoxemia

3

• Mental confusion

1

• Tachycardia

1

• Fever

1

• Tachypnea

1

  1. Abbreviations: EST erythrocyte sedimentation rate, PaO2 partial pressure of oxygen, HR heart rate, DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation, PaCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide