Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of study participants by cognitive status
Characteristic | All N = 1201 | Preserved Cognition n = 677 | Cognitive Dysfunction n = 524 | p - value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
  Mean (SD) | 58.1 (11.3) | 55.7 (10.9) | 61.1 (11.1) | < 0.001 |
  < 60 years | 597 (49.7%) | 392 (57.9%) | 205 (39.1%) |  |
  ≥60 years | 604 (50.3%) | 285 (42.1%) | 319 (60.9%) | < 0.001 |
Sex | ||||
  Male | 427 (35.6%) | 269 (39.7%) | 158 (30.1%) |  |
  Female | 774 (64.4%) | 408 (60.3%) | 366 (69.9%) | < 0.001 |
Education level | ||||
  No formal | 74 (06.2%) | 16 (02.3%) | 58 (11.1%) | < 0.001 |
  Primary | 706 (58.8%) | 345 (51.0%) | 361 (68.9%) | < 0.001 |
  Secondary | 279 (23.2%) | 203 (30.0%) | 76 (14.5%) | < 0.001 |
  University | 142 (11.8%) | 113 (16.7%) | 29 (05.5%) | < 0.001 |
Marital status | ||||
  Single | 40 (03.3%) | 23 (03.4%) | 17 (03.2%) | 0.85 |
  Married | 855 (71.2%) | 517 (76.4%) | 338 (64.5%) | < 0.001 |
  Divorced | 68 (05.7%) | 36 (05.3%) | 32 (06.1%) | 0.55 |
  Widowed | 238 (19.8%) | 101 (14.9%) | 137 (26.2%) | < 0.001 |
Occupation | ||||
  Student | 3 (0.3%) | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.91 |
  Unemployed | 292 (24.3%) | 97 (14.3%) | 195 (37.2%) | < 0.001 |
  Self employed | 504 (42.0%) | 313 (46.2%) | 191 (36.5%) | < 0.001 |
  Employed | 194 (16.1%) | 141 (20.9%) | 53 (10.1%) | < 0.001 |
  Retired | 208 (17.3%) | 124 (18.3%) | 84 (16.0%) | 0.30 |
Residence | ||||
  Urban | 998 (83.1%) | 593 (87.6%) | 405 (77.3%) |  |
  Rural | 203 (16.9%) | 84 (12.4%) | 119 (22.7%) | < 0.001 |
Cigarette smoking | ||||
  Never | 1042 | 593 (87.6%) | 449 (85.7%) | 0.34 |
  Ex-smoker | (86.8%) | 74 (10.9%) | 72 (13.7%) | 0.14 |
  Current | 146 (12.2%) 13 (01.0%) | 10 (01.5%) | 3 (0.6%) | 0.14 |
Alcohol drinking | ||||
  Never | 705 (58.7%) | 374 (55.2%) | 331 (63.2%) | < 0.01 |
  Past | 417 (34.7%) | 243 (35.9%) | 174 (33.2%) | 0.33 |
  Current | 79 (06.6%) | 60 (08.9%) | 19 (03.6%) | < 0.001 |
Physical activity | ||||
  Mean (min/week) | 97.5 (102.5) | 104.2 (104.8) | 88.7 (98.9) | < 0.01 |
  Inactive | 240 (20.0%) | 115 (17.0%) | 125 (23.9%) | < 0.01 |
  Underactive | 635 (52.9%) | 366 (54.0%) | 269 (51.3%) | 0.35 |
  Active | 326 (27.1%) | 196 (29.0%) | 130 (24.8%) | 0.10 |
Socially active | 1037 (86.3%) | 612 (90.4%) | 425 (81.1%) | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities: | ||||
  Stroke | 92 (07.7%) | 43 (06.4%) | 49 (09.4%) | 0.05 |
  Significant head injury | 60 (05.0%) | 33 (04.9%) | 27 (05.2%) | 0.81 |
  Seizure disorder | 3 (0.3%) | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.73 |
  Psychiatric illness | 22 (01.8%) | 14 (02.1%) | 8 (01.5%) | 0.44 |
Vision/Hearing impairment | 583 (48.5%) | 312 (46.1%) | 271 (51.7%) | 0.05 |
Insomnia | 436 (36.3%) | 214 (31.6%) | 222 (42.4%) | < 0.001 |
Anemiaa | 281 (53.7%) | 145 (50.7%) | 136 (57.4%) | 0.13 |
  Iron deficiency anemiaa | 76 (14.5%) | 38 (13.3%) | 38 (16.0%) | 0.38 |
  Anemia of chronic illnessa | 114 (21.8%) | 61 (21.3%) | 53 (22.4%) | 0.76 |
Dyslipidemia | ||||
  Elevated Triglyceridesa | 94 (27.7%) | 48 (24.7%) | 46 (31.7%) | 0.16 |
  Elevated LDLa | 139 (38.5%) | 86 (42.0%) | 53 (34.0%) | 0.12 |
  Low HDLa | 144 (49.0%) | 72 (44.2%) | 72 (55.0%) | 0.07 |
  Hyperuricemiaa | 97 (32.4%) | 56 (32.9%) | 41 (31.8%) | 0.83 |
  Diabetes mellitus | 199 (16.6%) | 105 (15.5%) | 94 (17.9%) | 0.26 |
  HIV | 29 (02.4%) | 14 (02.1%) | 15 (02.9%) | 0.38 |
  Renal dysfunctiona | 103 (16.7%) | 46 (13.5%) | 57 (20.6%) | < 0.01 |
  Heart Failure | 68 (05.7%) | 36 (05.3%) | 32 (06.1%) | 0.56 |
Body Mass Index | ||||
  Mean (SD) | 29.5 (6.1) | 29.9 (6.0) | 28.9 (6.2%) | < 0.01 |
  Underweight | 15 (01.3%) | 6 (0.9%) | 9 (1.7%) | 0.20 |
  Normal | 277 (23.1%) | 138 (20.4%) | 139 (26.5%) | 0.01 |
  Overweight | 392 (32.6%) | 222 (32.8%) | 170 (32.4%) | 0.88 |
  Obese | 517 (43.1%) | 311 (45.9%) | 206 (39.3%) | 0.02 |
Blood Pressure | ||||
  Controlled BP | 416 (34.6%) | 233 (34.4%) | 183 (34.9%) | 0.86 |
  Postural hypotension | 104 (08.7%) | 47 (06.9%) | 57 (10.9%) | < 0.001 |