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Table 2 Clinical assessment scores in the COT group and VRT group

From: Effects of virtual reality-based motor control training on inflammation, oxidative stress, neuroplasticity and upper limb motor function in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial

Upper limb assessment

COT group

VRT group

F

Time

Group

Pre-test

Post-test

Pre-test

Post-test

Time x Group

FMA-UE

 Shoulder/Elbow/Forearm

24.53 ± 7.87

24.87 ± 7.75

26.33 ± 4.94

27.53 ± 4.16β

8.895α

11.831α

1.045

 Wrist

7.33 ± 8.13

8.00 ± 12.90β

8.13 ± 1.80

8.87 ± 1.92

0.028

17.441αα

1.036

 Hand

8.53 ± 4.14

9.00 ± 4.14

10.20 ± 2.88

11.00 ± 2.54

1.750

9.645α

3.541

 Coordination/Speed

4.07 ± 2.63

4.07 ± 2.63

4.73 ± 2.05

5.07 ± 2.09

4.375

4.375

1.264

 Total

44.47 ± 16.60

45.53 ± 16.39β

49.40 ± 9.02

52.47 ± 9.11β

9.669α

42.422αα

1.768

AROM

 Shoulder Flexion

139.00 ± 59.95

141.20 ± 59.53β

138.33 ± 24.47

150.93 ± 24.47ββ

17.975αα

54.218αα

0.065

 Elbow Extension

7.07 ± 2.94

7.53 ± 3.00

8.60 ± 2.33

10.60 ± 3.50

3.130

10.162α

9.840α

 Wrist Extension

38.73 ± 30.80

39.87 ± 31.00

39.00 ± 18.82

47.40 ± 19.87β

3.661

5.287α

0.161

 Forearm Pronation

68.93 ± 16.23

70.73 ± 16.70

75.07 ± 13.48

78.53 ± 12.81β

1.316

22.323αα

4.699α

 Forearm Supination

53.00 ± 30.39

53.47 ± 30.63

64.80 ± 18.96

68.73 ± 13.85

2.756

4.763α

3.197

  1. α, αα The effect of group and time examined by mixed model design ANOVA were significant (p ≤ 0.05) and highly significant (p ≤ 0.001)
  2. β, ββ Comparison between pre-test and post-test examined by Wilcoxon signed rank test were significant (p ≤ 0.05) and highly significant (p ≤ 0.001). COT: conventional occupational therapy; VRT Virtual reality training