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Table 3 Expression levels of serum biomarkers in the COT group and VRT group

From: Effects of virtual reality-based motor control training on inflammation, oxidative stress, neuroplasticity and upper limb motor function in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial

Serum biomarkers

COT group

VRT group

F

Time

Group

Pre-test

Post-test

Pre-test

Post-test

Time x Group

Inflammation

 IL-6 (pg/mL)

5.36 ± 2.34

4.33 ± 1.80β

5.24 ± 3.10

3.95 ± 2.56

0.079

8.770α

0.071

 ICAM-1 (ng/mL)

430.81 ± 34.36

475.44 ± 93.99

419.80 ± 106.68

433.32 ± 70.39

1.865

2.500

1.059

Oxidative stress

 HO-1 (pg/mL)

48.01 ± 25.23

57.33 ± 25.04β

51.87 ± 21.74

64.83 ± 20.89β

0.137

14.388α

0.528

 8-OHdG (pg/mL)

6.60 ± 2.27

6.48 ± 2.05β

7.10 ± 2.30

6.56 ± 2.09β

0.788

4.837α

0.155

Neuroplasticity

 BDNF (ng/mL)

110.96 ± 16.24

109.09 ± 14.37

116.99 ± 11.17

122.11 ± 10.56β

2.343

0.584

3.443

  1. α The effect of group and time examined by mixed model design ANOVA were significant (p ≤ 0.05). β Comparison between pre-test and post-test examined by Wilcoxon signed rank test were significant (p ≤ 0.05). COT conventional occupational therapy, VRT virtual reality training