Table 1 Distribution of urinary organic acid on GC-MS chromatograms amongst autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n = 65) in comparison to typically developing (TD) children (n = 20) using chi-square analysis
Urine Organic Acid Peaks | Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) n (%) | Typical Developing (TD) n (%) | p value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall Peak | Small Peak | Medium Peak | Large Peak | Overall Peak | Small Peak | Medium Peak | Large Peak | ||
Aconitic acid | 64(98.4) | 55(84.6) | 08(12.3) | 01(1.5) | 13(65) | 11(55) | – | 02(10) | < 0.0001 |
Succinic acid | 64(98.5) | 64(98.5) | – | – | 02(10) | 02(10) | – | – | < 0.0001 |
Indole acetic acid | 59(90.8) | 59(90.8) | – | – | 5(25) | 5(25) | – | – | < 0.0001 |
Suberic acid | 56(86.2) | 56(86.2) | – | – | 01(5) | 01(5) | – | – | < 0.0001 |
Lactic Acid | 51(78.5) | 51(78.5) | – | – | 2(10) | 2(10) | – | – | < 0.0001 |
Adipic acid | 45(69.2) | 45(69.2) | – | – | 03(15) | 03(15) | – | – | < 0.0001 |
Hippuric acid | 43(66.2) | 25(38.5) | 8(12.3) | 10(15.4) | 02(10) | – | – | 2(10) | < 0.0001 |
Citric acid | 61(93.9) | 25(38.5) | 20(30.8) | 16(24.6) | 19(95) | 17(85) | – | 02(10) | 0.001 |
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acida | 24(36.9) | 24(36.9) | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | 0.001 |
Palmitic acida | 56(86.1) | 53(81.5) | 01(1.5) | 02(3.1) | 0 | – | – | – | 0.002 |
Pimelic acida | 21(32.3) | 21(32.3) | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | 0.002 |
2- ketoglutaric acid | 47(72.3) | 41(63.1) | 05(7.7) | 01(1.5) | 20(100) | 19(95) | – | 1(05) | 0.005 |
3- hydroxybutyric acid | 54(83.1) | 54(83.1) | – | – | 19(95) | 19(95) | – | – | 0.181 |
Oxalic acid | 14(21.5) | 14(21.5) | – | – | 03(15) | 03(15) | – | – | 0.523 |
3-hydroxyisovaleric acid | 62(95.4) | 62(95.4) | – | – | 19(95) | 19(95) | – | – | 0.943 |
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) | 62(95.4) | 62(95.4) | – | – | 20(100) | 20(100) | – | – | 1.000 |
Homovanillic acid (HVA) | 65(100) | 65(100) | – | – | 20(100) | 20(100) | – | – | 1.000 |
Phosphoric acid | 65(100) | 64(98.5) | – | 01(1.5) | 20(100) | 20(100) | – | – | 1.000 |
Tartaric acid a | 1(1.5) | 1(1.5) | – | – | 0 | – | – | – | 1.000 |
4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid | 63(96.9) | 47(72.3) | 09(13.8) | 07(10.8) | 20(100) | 14(70) | 06(30) | – | 1.88 |