Table 5 Binary logistic regression with the reduction in pain days as the outcome at the 12-month follow-up

Endurance (aerobic) exercise per week

-.105

.222

.221

.638

.901

.583

1.392

Athletic training (muscle strengthening and stretching) per week

.672

.266

6.376

.012

1.959

1.162

3.300

Use of relaxation techniques per week

.112

.215

.271

.602

1.119

.734

1.706

TENS device use per week^a

.116

.231

.254

.614

1.123

.715

1.765

Use of psychological coping strategies to deal with pain^c

1.318

.756

3.041

.081

3.735

.849

16.426

Use of mindfulness-based training/techniques^c

.075

.466

.026

.872

1.078

.433

2.685

Number of pain-related general practitioner visits per year

-.350

.212

2.743

.098

.704

.465

1.066

Number of pain-related medical specialist visits per year

-.088

.210

.177

.674

.915

.606

1.382

Use of outpatient psychotherapy in the last year^c

-1.280

.522

6.018

.014

.278

.100

.773

Use of physiotherapy due to headache in the last year^c

-.464

.456

1.038

.308

.629

.257

1.536

Number of pain-related non-medical (CAM) practitioner visits per year^b

-.645

.428

2.274

.132

.525

.227

1.213

Number of pain-related acupuncture appointments per year

.607

.477

1.621

.203

1.835

.721

4.670