Table 2 Adjusted mean scores* on semantic and phonemic verbal fluency measures for cases and controls: a) cases with a history of headache, b) headache as the first symptom
Patients | Controls | Mean diff (95% CI) | p value | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verbal fluency, mean (SD) | |||||
Cases with a history of headache | N = 102 | N = 90 | |||
Animals | |||||
Total | 13.0 (5.04) | 17.8 (5.05) | -4.9 (-6.32,-3.42) | < 0.001 | -0.97 |
Mean cluster | 1.1 (0.98) | 1.7 (0.95) | -0.6 (-0.9,-0.3) | < 0.001 | -0.62 |
Switch | 5.9 (3.30) | 6.9 (3.31) | -0.9 (-1.9,0.4) | 0.06 | -0.30 |
Letter P | |||||
Total | 8.8 (4.75) | 11 (4.74) | -2.2 (-3.6,-0.86) | 0.001 | -0.47 |
Mean cluster | 0.29 (0.33) | 0.4 (0.38) | -0.1 (-0.2,-0.02) | 0.018 | -0.32 |
Switch | 6.5 (3.99) | 7.7 (4.00) | -1.15 (-2.3,-0.0) | 0.05 | -0.31 |
Cases with headache as 1st symptom | N = 56 | N = 90 | |||
Animals | |||||
Total | 13.6 (5.07) | 17.9 (5.03) | -4.2 (-5.9,-2.5) | < 0.001 | -0.85 |
Mean cluster | 1.1 (1.07) | 1.7 (0.95) | -0.6 (-0.9,-0.2) | 0.001 | -0.62 |
Switch | 6.3 (3.33) | 6.9 (3.31) | -0.6 (0.6) | 0.34 | -0.18 |
Letter P | |||||
Total | 9.3 (4.71) | 10.9 (4.71) | -1.7 (-3.3,-0.1) | 0.037 | -0.34 |
Mean cluster | 0.3 (0.37) | 0.4 (0.36) | -0.1 (-0.2,0.5) | 0.24 | -0.27 |
Switch | 6.7 (4.03) | 7.7 (4.00) | -1.0 (-2.4,0.4) | 0.16 | -0.25 |