Table 3 Univariate analysis of demographic, motor, non-motor and imaging parameters at baseline for FoG onset during the 5-year follow up

Demographic characteristics

  Age (years)

1.03

1.00

1.06

0.064

  Age at Symptom Onset

1.03

1.00

1.07

0.042*

  Duration of Disease since Diagnosis (Months)

0.99

0.94

1.04

0.768

  Gender, female

0.92

0.48

1.79

0.815

  Years of education

1.01

0.91

1.11

0.892

  Family members with PD (any)

0.86

0.55

1.32

0.485

  Side most affected at PD onset

0.87

0.49

1.54

0.633

Motor assessments

  Categorical Hoehn & Yahr

1.18

0.65

2.13

0.580

  Total rigidity score

0.98

0.87

1.10

0.677

  TD/PIGD classification (TD)

0.33

0.17

0.64

0.001*

  TD/PIGD classification (PIGD)

2.80

1.30

6.04

0.009*

  TD/PIGD classification (Indeterminate)

2.03

0.84

4.89

0.116

  PIGD score

1.90

1.46

2.47

< 0.001*

  Tremor

0.94

0.85

1.04

0.241

  MDS-UPDRS part II score

1.11

1.03

1.20

0.007*

  MDS-UPDRS part III score

1.02

0.99

1.06

0.208

  Modified Schwab & England ADL score

0.96

0.90

1.01

0.101

Non-motor assessments

  MOCA score

0.82

0.72

0.95

0.006*

  MDS-UPDRS part I score

1.12

1.02

1.23

0.018*

  MDS-UPDRS Part I Hallucinations and Psychosis

1.02

0.23

4.39

0.984

  MDS-UPDRS Part I Apathy

1.42

0.66

3.07

0.373

  MDS-UPDRS Part I Features of Dopamine Dysregulation Syndrome

1.71

0.24

12.4

0.595

  MDS-UPDRS Part I Fatigue

1.97

1.26

3.09

0.003*

  UPSIT score

0.99

0.95

1.02

0.445

  Benton Judgement of Line Orientation score

0.96

0.83

1.11

0.581

  REM sleep behavior disorder questionnaire score

1.00

0.89

1.12

0.973

  Epworth Sleepiness Scale score

1.14

1.04

1.26

0.006*

  Geriatric Depression Scale score

1.06

0.92

1.23

0.393

  STAI total score

1.00

0.98

1.02

0.916

  QUIP score

0.85

0.50

1.44

0.547

  SDMT score

0.95

0.91

0.98

< 0.001*

  HVLT Immediate/Total Recall

0.92

0.86

0.98

0.007*

  SCOPA-AUT total score

1.06

1.01

1.11

0.030*

  SCOPA-AUT cardiovascular score

1.39

0.92

2.10

0.113

  SCOPA-AUT gastrointestinal score

1.26

1.07

1.48

0.005*

  SCOPA-AUT pupillomotor score

0.76

0.45

1.27

0.290

  SCOPA-AUT sexual dysfunction score

1.05

0.87

1.27

0.599

  SCOPA-AUT thermoregulatory score

0.98

0.79

1.21

0.834

  SCOPA-AUT urinary score

1.13

1.02

1.25

0.020*

  Semantic Fluency total score

0.97

0.94

1.00

0.039*

  Letter Number Sequencing score

0.90

0.80

1.01

0.067

  MCI test score (= 1)

2.23

0.94

5.32

0.069

SPECT-DAT

  Mean caudate DAT uptake

0.41

0.22

0.76

0.005*

  Mean putamen DAT uptake

0.17

0.06

0.60

0.006*

  Mean striatum DAT uptake

0.26

0.11

0.63

0.003*