Table 1 Univariate analysis. Demographic, clinical, neuroimaging, molecular and outcome for patients with awake and wake-up IS (n = 4251)

 Age, years

72.0 ± 13.8

71.9 ± 15.7

0.003

 Female gender, %

45.3

48.2

0.275

 Arterial hypertension, %

62.7

64.2

0.592

 Diabetes, %

24.2

26.4

0.335

 Smoking, %

16.0

17.7

0.399

 Alcohol consumption, %

11.5

12.1

0.686

 Hyperlipidemia, %

33.6

39.5

0.019

 Peripheral arterial disease, %

5.8

4.1

0.178

 Ischemic heart disease, %

11.0

11.6

0.741

 Atrial fibrillation, %

20.3

25.9

0.011

 Heart failure, %

4.0

5.8

0.092

 Previous carotid stenosis, %

1.5

0.5

0.119

 Ipsilateral hemodynamic carotid Stenosis, %

17.0

20.7

0.510

 Occlusion/carotid sub-occlusion, %

15.1

15.4

0.897

 Previous transient ischemic attack, %

5.0

3.4

0.184

 Previous antiaggregants, %

23.8

25.4

0.466

 Previous anticoagulants, %

7.5

12.3

0.001

 mRS (Previous)

0 [0, 1]

0 [0, 2]

< 0.0001

 NIHSS (at admission)

16 [12, 20]

18 [13, 20]

0.013

 NIHSS (at 24 h)

7 [3, 13]

8 [4, 14]

0.003

 NIHSS (at discharge)

7 [2, 12]

9 [3, 14]

< 0.0001

 Time detection (awakening)-emergencies, minutes

237.4 ± 164.2

293.5 ± 112.8

0.137

 Maximum axillary temperature 24 h,°C

36.3 ± 0.6

36.8 ± 0.6

< 0.0001

 Systemic fibrinolysis, %

18.3

4.4

< 0.0001

 Thrombectomy, %

4.4

7.7

0.089

 Endovascular treatment, %

4.1

3.4

0.599

 Time detection-rtPA, min

172.1 ± 78.3

186.1 ± 91.5

0.079

 DWI volume, ml

51.7 ± 98.2

49.3 ± 96.9

0.895

 Clinical-DWI mismatch, %

15.1

17.9

0.419

 TOAST criteria

0.215

 - Atherothrombotic, %

23.1

20.8

 - Cardioembolic, %

36.9

37.5

  Lacunar, %

8.5

6.1

 - Indeterminate, %

30.2

34.1

 - Others, %

1.2

1.5

 Blood glucose (at admission), mg/dl

142.8 ± 62.7

142.2 ± 54.5

0.815

 Glycosylated hemoglobin, %

6.3 ± 1.4

6.1 ± 1.3

0.326

 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm

26.4 ± 23.5

33.4 ± 23.8

< 0.0001

 LDL cholesterol, mg/dl

106.4 ± 34.4

110.4 ± 39.1

0.129

 HDL cholesterol, mg/dl

43.7 ± 17.2

42.2 ± 10.7

0.052

 Triglycerides, mg/dl

113.9 ± 54.8

117.5 ± 65.9

0.892

 Leukocytes at admission, ×  10³/ml

9.1 ± 3.2

10.1 ± 3.1

< 0.0001

 Fibrinogen at admission, mg/dl

445.0 ± 104.4

465.3 ± 94.6

0.001

 C-reactive protein at admission, mg/l

3.4 ± 4.1

6.2 ± 3.6

< 0.0001

 IL-6 at admission, pg/ml

27.8 ± 18.6

51.5 ± 15.1

< 0.0001

 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D levels at 24 h, ng/ml

19.2 ± 9.4

5.6 ± 5.8

< 0.0001

 Glutamate at admission, μM

267.2 ± 134.7

266.8 ± 99.1

0.124

 Glutamate at 24 hours, μM

131.8 ± 80.0

136.7 ± 48.3

0.198

 Miocroalbuminuria, mg/24 h

6.5 ± 23.5

4.5 ± 20.1

0.643

 NT-proBNP levels at admission, pg/ml

1871.2 ± 2120.9

2012.6 ± 2224.5

0.004

 Poor outcome, %

48.1

59.1

< 0.0001

 NIHSS (at 3 months)

2 [2, 6]

2 [2, 6]

0.225

 mRS (at 3 months)

2 [0, 3]

3 [1, 4]

< 0.0001

 Early neurological improvement in reperfused patients, %

30.3

27.0

0.215

 Early neurological deterioration, %

5.7

3.8

0.107