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Table 3 The relationships between possible risk factors and prognostic factors and mRS at 1 year-follow up

From: “Incidence, characteristics and prognosis of cervical artery dissection-induced ischemic stroke in central Iran”

 

Baseline mRS

mRS at 1 year-follow up

Percent change (%)

Patients with mRS > 2 / Total patients

β a (SE)

P-value

Sex

 Female (ref.)

2.2 ± 1.3

1. ± 1.2

9.6 ± 34.2

8/19

-0.1(0.6)

0.824

 Male

2.7 ± 1.2

2.0 ± 1.3

26.3 ± 35.7

9/28

Age

  < 45 (ref.)

2.8 ± 1.2

2.1 ± 1.2

24.3 ± 32.2

12/31

1.8(0.4)

 < 0.001

  ≥ 45

2.0 ± 1.2

1.7 ± 1.3

10.4 ± 41.2

5/16

Vessel

 Carotid (ref.)

2.4 ± 1.3

2.0 ± 1.2

10.7 ± 31.5

11/28

0.5(0.6)

0.341

 Vertebral

2.7 ± 1.2

1.9 ± 1.3

32.7 ± 38.3

6/19

Side

 Right (ref.)

2.6 ± 1.3

2.0 ± 1.4

21.3 ± 43.4

11/26

0.04(0.5)

0.948

 Left

2.4 ± 1.2

1.9 ± 1.1

17.4 ± 23.8

6/21

Headache

 No (ref.)

2.8 ± 1.1

2.6 ± 1.0

2.3 ± 35.1

8/14

-1.2(0.6)

0.058

 Yes

2.4 ± 1.3

1.6 ± 1.2

26.9 ± 33.9

9/33

Neck pain

 No (ref.)

2.6 ± 1.4

2.2 ± 1.4

11.6 ± 35.7

13/27

-0.7(0.6)

0.193

 Yes

2.3 ± 1.1

1.6 ± 1.0

30.4 ± 33.7

4/20

Progression of symptoms

 No (ref.)

2.5 ± 1.3

1.8 ± 1.3

22.0 ± 38.4

13/38

1.0(0.7)

0.136

 Yes

2.5 ± 1.1

2.3 ± 1.2

9.2 ± 18.8

4/9

Addiction

 No (ref.)

2.5 ± 1.3

1.9 ± 1.2

20.7 ± 36.5

14/38

0.6(0.7)

0.391

 Yes

2.3 ± 1.3

2.0 ± 1.5

14.8 ± 33.8

3/9

Alcohol

 No (ref.)

2.5 ± 1.3

1.9 ± 1.2

18.6 ± 34.6

16/44

-0.1(1.2)

0.964

 Yes

2.3 ± 0.5

1.6 ± 1.5

33.3 ± 57.7

1/3

Smoking

 No (ref.)

2.6 ± 1.3

2.0 ± 1.2

17.2 ± 34.2

15/37

-0.3(0.7)

0.695

 Yes

2.1 ± 1.1

1.5 ± 1.3

28.3 ± 41.6

2/10

OCP use

 No (ref.)

2.2 ± 1.4

1.8 ± 1.2

10.2 ± 35.2

7/18

N/A

N/A

 Yes

3.0 ± 0.0

3.0 ± 0.0

0.0 ± 0.0

1/1

Infection

 No (ref.)

2.6 ± 1.3

2.0 ± 1.3

20.2 ± 36.7

17/43

0.5(0.9)

0.604

 Yes

1.5 ± 0.5

1.2 ± 0.5

12.5 ± 25.0

0/4

Exercise

 No (ref.)

2.5 ± 1.3

2.0 ± 1.2

16.9 ± 33.6

16/44

-3.1(1.5)

0.037*

 Yes

3.0 ± 1.0

1.3 ± 1.5

58.3 ± 52.0

1/3

Cough

 No (ref.)

2.6 ± 1.3

2.0 ± 1.3

20.2 ± 36.7

16/44

0.5(0.9)

0.604

 Yes

1.5 ± 0.5

1.2 ± 0.5

12.5 ± 25.0

1/3

History of trauma

 No (ref.)

2.4 ± 1.2

1.9 ± 1.2

16.9 ± 27.5

12/34

-1.0(0.7)

0.167

 Yes

2.8 ± 1.4

1.9 ± 1.3

26.6 ± 52.3

5/13

Trauma type

 Minor (ref.)

2.2 ± 1.7

2.2 ± 1.7

-12.5 ± 62.9

2/4

N/A

N/A

 Major

3.1 ± 1.2

1.7 ± 1.3

44.0 ± 38.9

3/9

Vasculitis test result

 Negative (ref.)

2.8 ± 1.2

2.2 ± 1.3

22.0 ± 29.7

9/20

-0.9(1.6)

0.574

 Positive

2.5 ± 0.7

1.5 ± 0.7

33.3 ± 47.1

0/2

Homocysteine test result

 Negative (ref.)

2.8 ± 1.2

2.1 ± 1.3

25.4 ± 31.7

7/19

0.9(1.1)

0.425

 Positive

3.0 ± 1.0

2.6 ± 0.5

8.3 ± 14.4

2/3

Previous headache/ Migraine

 No (ref.)

2.6 ± 1.2

2.0 ± 1.2

18.6 ± 36.3

15/37

-0.2(0.7)

0.781

 Yes

2.3 ± 1.4

1.7 ± 1.5

23.3 ± 35.3

2/10

New headache

 No (ref.)

2.4 ± 1.2

2.0 ± 1.3

15.3 ± 36.7

13/31

-0.5(0.6)

0.383

 Yes

2.7 ± 1.3

1.8 ± 1.3

27.9 ± 35.7

4/16

Change in the pattern of headaches

 No (ref.)

1.6 ± 1.1

1.0 ± 1.0

26.6 ± 43.4

0/5

N/A

N/A

 Yes

3.0 ± 1.4

2.4 ± 1.6

20.0 ± 29.8

2/5

Recanalization

 No (ref.)

2.2 ± 1.2

1.9 ± 1.5

13.6 ± 48.7

4/11

0.02(0.7)

0.978

 Yes

2.5 ± 1.4

2.0 ± 1.3

19.0 ± 29.5

10/25

Medication

 Double anti platelet (ref.)

2.5 ± 1.2

1.9 ± 1.2

21.0 ± 38.2

14/37

0.3(0.7)

0.617

 Anti-coagulant

2.5 ± 1.6

2.0 ± 1.5

14.1 ± 25.4

3/10

  1. mRS Modified Rankin scale, OCP Oral Contraceptive Pill, SE Standard Error, N/A Not Applicable as there was not enough data to fit ordinal logistic model
  2. a Coefficient regression resulted from ordinal logistic regression model included bassline mRS as covariate