Table 3 Multivariate analysis for the association between HOMA-β and cognitive impairment stratified by other sociodemographic characteristics

Age (years old)

  < 60

Ref.

1.70 (0.85–3.39)

0.133

2.02 (1.00–4.09)

0.052

2.30 (1.08–4.91)

0.032*

  ≥ 60

Ref.

0.86 (0.40–1.86)

0.700

1.23 (0.55–2.75)

0.613

2.18 (0.96–4.96)

0.064

Gender

 Male

Ref.

1.23 (0.43–3.58)

0.700

1.38 (0.47–4.03)

0.550

2.25 (0.78–6.45)

0.133

 Female

Ref.

1.23 (0.68–2.22)

0.497

1.77 (0.96–3.26)

0.067

2.28 (1.18–4.40)

0.015*

BMI (Kg/m2), n (%)

  < 25

Ref.

0.69 (0.21–2.30)

0.544

0.83 (0.26–2.68)

0.757

2.03 (0.61–6.75)

0.246

  ≥ 25

Ref.

1.59 (0.89–2.83)

0.119

2.17 (1.19–3.97)

0.012*

2.11 (1.13–3.96)

0.020*

Education level

 Primary education or below

Ref.

0.34 (0.06–2.10)

0.245

1.54 (0.18–13.20)

0.695

0.85 (0.14–5.00)

0.856

 Elementary education

Ref.

1.64 (0.87–3.10)

0.130

2.24 (1.14–4.41)

0.020*

2.80 (1.38–5.68)

0.004*

 High school education or above

Ref.

0.89 (0.32–2.53)

0.832

0.86 (0.31–2.37)

0.775

1.56 (0.51–4.73)

0.433

Smoking

 Never

Ref.

1.27 (0.73–2.21)

0.396

1.60 (0.91–2.83)

0.104

2.27 (1.24–4.13)

0.008*

 Former or current

Ref.

1.39 (0.32–6.07)

0.666

1.86 (0.42–8.19)

0.412

2.02 (0.48–8.47)

0.339

Drinking

 Never

Ref.

1.29 (0.74–2.24)

0.365

1.88 (1.06–3.34)

0.031*

2.85 (1.54–5.28)

0.001*

 Former or current

Ref.

0.73 (0.16–3.39)

0.692

0.89 (0.21–3.91)

0.882

0.85 (0.21–3.49)

0.825

Hypertension

 No

Ref.

1.38 (0.69–2.79)

0.363

1.64 (0.81–3.30)

0.170

2.45 (1.17–5.15)

0.018*

 Yes

Ref.

0.95 (0.44–2.04)

0.897

1.38 (0.61–3.14)

0.441

1.91 (0.83–4.40)

0.131

Dyslipidemia

 No

Ref.

3.28 (0.89–12.09)

0.075

5.00 (1.25–20.08)

0.023*

4.67 (1.08–20.18)

0.039*

 Yes

Ref.

1.07 (0.61–1.89)

0.804

1.35 (0.76–2.43)

0.310

1.92 (1.05–3.51)

0.034*

Heart disease

 No

Ref.

1.17 (0.68–2.01)

0.571

1.47 (0.84–2.55)

0.174

2.00 (1.12–3.58)

0.020*

 Yes

Ref.

2.54 (0.48–13.54)

0.274

4.03 (0.62–26.18)

0.144

9.84 (1.40–69.28)

0.022*

High-Hcy

 No

Ref.

1.53 (0.85–2.77)

0.158

1.92 (1.04–3.54)

0.037*

2.20 (1.18–4.14)

0.014*

 Yes

Ref.

0.76 (0.26–2.20)

0.612

1.36 (0.46–4.03)

0.576

3.42 (0.94–12.45)

0.062