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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics in patients

From: Extracranial carotid plaque hemorrhage predicts ipsilateral stroke recurrence in patients with carotid atherosclerosis – a study based on high-resolution vessel wall imaging MRI

Univariate analysis

Variables

Total

(n = 171)

IPH group

(n = 32)

Non-IPH group

(n = 139)

P-Value

Gender, male, n (%)

118 (69.0)

25 (78.1)

93 (66.9)

0.216

Age, years

60.13 ± 10.04

64.50 ± 9.60

59.13 ± 9.90

0.006

Hypertension, n (%)

116 (67.8)

22 (68.8)

94 (67.6)

0.902

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

50 (29.2)

14 (43.8)

36 (25.9)

0.045

Coronary heart disease, n (%)

20 (11.7)

4 (12.5)

16 (11.5)

0.876

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

56 (32.7)

6 (18.8)

50 (36.0)

0.061

Prior stroke/TIA, n (%)

27 (15.8)

5 (15.6)

22 (15.8)

0.977

Family history of stroke, n (%)

24 (14.0)

7 (21.9)

17 (12.2)

0.165

Smoking history, n (%)

87 (50.9)

22 (68.8)

65 (46.8)

0.025

Alcohol consuming, n (%)

56 (32.7)

10 (31.3)

46 (33.1)

0.841

NIHSS on admission, IQR

4 (0–18)

3 (0–8)

5 (0–18)

0.004

Pre-admission mRS, IQR

1 (0–5)

1 (0–3)

1 (0–5)

0.030

hs-CRP, IQR, mg/L

4.28 (0.00–31.90)

7.71 (0.10–17.90)

3.72 (0.00–31.90)

0.002

TC, mmol/L

4.35 ± 1.08

4.24 ± 1.02

4.38 ± 1.10

0.535

TG, IQR, mmol/L

1.32 (0.49–8.44)

1.14 (0.67–2.29)

1.31 (0.49–4.70)

0.190

LDL-C, mmol/L

2.64 ± 0.97

2.54 ± 0.99

2.66 ± 0.97

0.545

HDL-C, IQR, mmol/L

1.01 (0.48–1.71)

0.99 (0.64–1.39)

1.01 (0.48–1.71)

0.605

Hcy, IQR, umol/L

14.90 (1.11–75.00)

18.99 (9.20–75.00)

14.10 (1.11–41.20)

0.028

Median enrolled-to-HRVMRI scan time, IQR, d

4 (2–6)

4 (2–6)

5 (2–6)

0.182

Previous use of aspirin, n (%)

33 (19.3)

6 (18.8)

27 (19.4)

0.931

Previous use of Statins, n (%)

26 (15.2)

4 (12.5)

22 (15.8)

0.788

Taking aspirin until primary outcome/Terminating points, n (%)

95 (55.6)

19 (59.4)

76 (54.7)

0.630

Taking statins until primary outcome/Terminating points, n (%)

71 (41.5)

10 (31.3)

61 (43.9)

0.191

Percentage of stenosis degree, IQR, %

35 (4–58)

31.10 (4–43)

36.35 (6–58)

< 0.001

Categories of stenotic degree

   

0.031

  < 30%, n (%)

50 (29.2)

15 (46.9)

35 (25.2)

 

 30–49%, n (%)

112 (65.5)

17 (53.1)

95 (68.3)

 

  > 50%, n (%)

9 (5.3)

0 (0)

9 (6.5)

 

Plaque burden

 LA, IQR, mm2

16.39 (2.06–42.38)

14.30 (2.64–31.96)

16.67 (2.06–42.38)

0.040

 WA, IQR, mm2

54.81 (28.03–160.57)

73.58 (33.10–160.57)

53.22 (28.03–116.38)

< 0.001

 VA, IQR, mm2

74.84 (43.00–162.11)

73.98 (43.00–162.11)

74.84 (45.01–140.50)

0.244

 NWI, IQR

0.56 (0.40–0.97)

0.69 (0.53–0.97)

0.53 (0.40–0.94)

< 0.001

 WT, IQR, mm

2.88 (1.00–11.35)

4.40 (3.07–11.35)

2.65 (1.00–7.56)

< 0.001

 PA, IQR, mm2

24.51 (5.61–74.29)

29.90 (14.24–71.35)

22.93 (5.61–74.29)

0.001

 RI

0.75 ± 0.08

0.72 ± 0.08

0.75 ± 0.08

0.012

Plaque component

 LRNC

  Presence, n (%)

139 (81.3)

32 (100)

107 (77.0)

0.003

  Volume, IQR, mm3

35.70 (0–660.22)

176.17 (2.86–660.22)

26.30 (0–352.34)

< 0.001

 Calcification

  Presence, n (%)

94 (55.5)

26 (81.3)

68 (48.9)

0.001

  Volume, IQR, mm3

2.12 (0–290.56)

19.04 (0–290.56)

0.00 (0–253.90)

< 0.001

 Loose matrix

  Presence, n (%)

79 (46.2)

21 (65.6)

58 (41.7)

0.014

  Volume, IQR, mm3

0 (0–95.46)

12.05 (0–86.54)

0.00 (0.00–95.46)

< 0.001

  FCR, n (%)

6 (3.5)

0 (0)

6 (0.7)

0.596

 Primary outcome

  ipsilateral ischemic stroke

23 (13.5)

14 (43.8)

9 (6.5)

 Terminating points

  TIA

5 (2.9)

3 (9.4)

2 (1.4)

  CEA/CAS

17 (9.9)

3 (9.4)

14 (10.1)

  1. Abbreviation: IPH intraplaque hemorrhage, TIA transient ischemic attack, NIHSS national institutes of health stroke scale, mRS modified Rankin scale, IQR interquartile range, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, hs-CRP hypersensitive c-reactive protein, TC cholesterol, TG triglycerides, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Hcy homocysteine, CA carotid artery, LA lumen area, WA wall area, VA vessel area, NWI normalized wall index, WT wall thickness, PA plaque area, RI remodeling index, LRNC lipidlipo-rich necrotic core, FCR fibrous cap rupture, CEA carotid endarterectomy, CAS carotid artery stenting