Kynurenine and oxidative stress in children having learning disorder with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: possible role and involvement

Table 5 Comparison between the group of children with LD and ADHD and the group of neurotypical children regarding the biochemical measures

Substance	Mean in LD with ADHD group	SD	Mean in NT children	SD	t	p
kynurenine (ng/ml)	419.2	157	274.3	117.8	4.8	< 0.0001*
Malondialdehyde (nmol/ml)	1.8	0.8	0.8	0. 1	9.1	< 0.0001*
glutathione peroxidase (ng/ml)	44.6	17.9	56.6	12.9	-3.5	0.0006*
Super Oxide Dismutase (μg/ml)	2564.9	1110.9	3795.5	1698.7	-3.6	0.0005*

LD Learning disorder, ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, NT Neurotypical, SD Standard deviation
* significant (p ≤ 0.05)

ISSN: 1471-2377