Fig. 1

The flowchart of BAD-study. BAD: Branch atheromatous disease; CTA: Computed tomography angiography; DSA: Digital subtraction angiography; e-CRF: Electronic case report form; END: Early neurological deterioration; HR-MRI: high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging; MRA: Magnetic resonance angiography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; mRS: Modified Ranking scale; NIHSS: National institute of health stroke scale; pCASL: pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling; PLATO: Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes; SWI: Susceptibility weighted imaging; VWI: Vessel wall imaging. ^* CCA: Common carotid artery; ECG: Electrocardiograph; ICA: Internal carotid artery; VA: Vertebral artery; SubA: Subclavian artery; ^† TCD: Transcranial doppler; ^‡ Drugs include Antiplatelet drugs, lipid-lowering drugs including statins, anticoagulant drugs, antihypertensive drugs, antidiabetics, and other neuroprotective drugs