From: Parkinsonism after ventriculoperitoneal shunt for hydrocephalus
Case n° | Author(s)/year | Age (yrs)/sex | Hydrocephalus (HD) | Operation | Time of onset | Treatment | Prognosis/Time |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Berger et al., 1985 [8] | 21/F | obstructive HD due to AS | multiple shunt revisions | 2 weeks after the first revision | another shunt revision, Cogentin 2Â mg TID, Prolopa 100Â mg BID | improved following this revision; motor examination was normal on medications/6 months |
2 | Curran et al., 1994 [9] | 16/B | obstructive HD due to AS | multiple shunt revisions | after the last revision | levodopa/carbidopa | parkinsonism improved |
3 | 21/M | obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to a pineal mass | VP shunt | 1 year after VP shunt | levodopa | parkinsonism improved/1 year | |
4 | 7/B | obstructive HD due to AS | multiple shunt revisions | after the last revision | levodopa | parkinsonism improved | |
5 | 72/M | normal pressure hydrocephalus | VP shunt | 4 years after VP shunt | levodopa | parkinsonism improved | |
6 | Keane et al., 1995 [11] | 32/F | obstructive hydrocephalus caused by cysticercosis | multiple shunt revisions | unknown | placement of a shunt with a low-pressure valve | extrapyramidal signs became less prominent |
7 | Shahar et al., 1998 [16] | 17/B | obstructive HD due to AS | multiple shunt revisions | 2 weeks after the last revision | levodopa/carbidopa 100/25Â mg TID | remarkable improvement/1 week |
8 | Asamoto et al., 1998 [7] | 18/F | obstructive HD due to AS | VP shunt | developed acute parkinsonism after the shunt revision | levodopa | parkinsonism improved |
9 | Zeidler et al., 1998 [24] | 57/M | obstructive HD due to AS | VP shunt, subsequent shunt replacement failure, Torkildsen operation | 16 months after the last operation | bromocriptine 3 mg BID, Sinemet Plus 2 tablets QID | extrapyramidal signs becoming less prominent |
10 | 21/F | obstructive HD due to AS | multiple shunt revisions | 3 months after the last revision | Madopar 125Â mg to 250Â mg TID | improvement in rigidity/2 days; spontaneous speech and increased mobility/2 weeks | |
11 | Ochiai et al., 2000 [14] | 59/M | obstructive HD | multiple shunt revisions | 3 months after the last revision | bromocriptine/amantadine, L-dopa | bromocriptine/amantadine had no effect; the parkinsonism dramatically improved with administration of L-dopa |
12 | 32/M | obstructive HD | multiple shunt revisions | 3 months after the last revision | bromocriptine/amantadine, L-dopa | bromocriptine/amantadine had no effect; the parkinsonism dramatically improved with administration of L-dopa | |
13 | Sun et al., 2001 [28] | 19/M | obstructive HD | VP shunt | 4 months after VP shunt | amantadine/Artane | treatment was ineffective; patient died/1 year |
14 | 14/B | obstructive HD | VP shunt | 2 months after VP shunt | amantadine/Artane | parkinsonian features improved/unknown | |
15 | 21/M | communicating hydrocephalus | VP shunt | 3 months after VP shunt | pressure shunt pump | parkinsonian features improved, but patient died of leukaemia/unknown | |
16 | 18/M | obstructive HD due to AS | VP shunt | 4 months after VP shunt | niacin, amantadine/Artane | parkinsonian features improved/3 days | |
17 | 27/F | obstructive HD | VP shunt | 2 years after VP shunt | amantadine/Artane, shunt revisions | parkinsonism presented upon use of medication/unknown | |
18 | Tokunaga et al., 2003 [22] | 26/M | obstructive hydrocephalus after possible encephalitis | VP shunt | 8 months after VP shunt | endoscopic third ventriculostomy | patient became capable of walking/2 months |
19 | Racette et al., 2004 [17] | 44/M | obstructive HD due to AS | VP shunt and shunt revisions | 10 days after revision | levodopa/carbidopa 1500/375Â mg QD | improved verbal response time, bradykinesia, and rigidity/unknown |
20 | Yomo et al., 2006 [23] | 64/M | obstructive HD due to AS | VP shunt multiple shunt revisions | 4 months after the VP shunt | levodopa/carbidopa 300/30 mg QD to 600/60 mg QD | parkinsonism presented after several months because of slit ventricle syndrome |
21 | Kim et al., 2006 [12] | 46/M | obstructive HD due to AS | multiple shunt revisions | 1 week after the second revision | levodopa/carbidopa 100/25Â mg TID | parkinsonian features markedly improved/3 days |
22 | Prashantha et al., 2008 [16] | 38/M | obstructive HD due to AS | multiple shunt revisions | 3 days after the last revision | levodopa/carbidopa, total dose 275Â mg QID | good response to levodopa/3 weeks; almost asymptomatic/3 months |
23 | Kinugawa et al., 2009 [13] | 49/M | obstructive HD due to AS | VP shunt | 3 months after VP shunt | levodopa 300Â mg QD trihexyphenidyl 6Â mg QD | parkinsonism improved but fully recurred/1 year |
24 | Sakurai et al., 2010 [19] | 46/F | obstructive HD due to AS | VP shunt | unknown | levodopa 600Â mg QD | parkinsonian features markedly improved/unknown |
25 | Hashizume et al., 2011 [10] | 47/F | obstructive HD due to AS | VP shunt | 1 year after VP shunt | levodopa/carbidopa 1000/100Â mg QD endoscopic third ventriculostomy | no improvement with medication; symptoms improved 2 months after surgery |
26 | Lau et al., 2011 [30] | 17/B | obstructive HD due to pineal tumour | VP shunt | 3 years after VP shunt | acute shunt malfunction | total recovery after a month |
27 | Rebai et al., 2012 [18] | 11/F | AS due to tectal tumour | ETV failure, multiple shunt revisions | 1Â day after the last revision | levodopa 125Â mg TID bromocriptine 30Â mg QD | regained the ability to stand and walk with assistance/2 weeks |
28 | Okawa et al., 2015 [15] | 51/M | obstructive HD due to AS after the bleeding in the fourth ventricle surgery | VP shunt | 2 months after VP shunt | levodopa/benserazide 1200/300Â mg QD endoscopic third ventriculostomy | preoperative medication for ETV was ineffective; patient was able to walk with a walker after ETV combined with 5 months of medication use |
29 | Li et al., 2017 [27] | 41/M | obstructive HD due to AS | VP shunt | 1 month after VP shunt | levodopa/benserazide 200/50Â mg TID amantadine 100Â mg TID | parkinsonian features markedly improved/10 days |
30 | 35/F | hydrocephalus caused by traumatic brain injury | VP shunt | 16 years after VP shunt | levodopa/benserazide 400/100Â mg TID | parkinsonian features markedly improved/25 days | |
31 | 18/F | hydrocephalus caused by traumatic brain injury | VP shunt | 5 months after VP shunt | levodopa/benserazide 100/25Â mg TID | could eat independently, increased physical activity/1 month | |
32 | Zhou et al., 2019 [25] | 45/M | obstructive HD due to AS | VP shunt and an increase in pressure | 6 months after the last revision | Madopar/pramipexole 125/0.125Â mg TID for 10 days, Madopar 250Â mg TID for two years | parkinsonian features started to improve/10 days; parkinsonian features did not recur/2-year follow-up period |
33 | Shpiner et al., 2021 [21] | 35/M | obstructive HD due to AS | multiple recalibrations | 3 weeks after the last recalibration | carbidopa/levodopa 187.5/750Â mg QD, endoscopic third ventriculostomy | presented with parkinsonism/unknown |
34 | 26/M | obstructive HD due to pineal tumour | multiple shunt revisions | 6 months after the last revision | carbidopa/levodopa 75/300Â mg QD | presented with parkinsonism /10 days after medication use | |
35 | Costa et al., 2021 [26] | 38/M | obstructive HD due to AS | VP shunt | 2 weeks after VP shunt | levodopa/benserazide 250Â mg QID, bromocriptine 5Â mg TID | good control established in 6 months |
36 | Villamil et al.,2022 [29] | 42/F | obstructive HD due to AS | endoscopic third ventriculostomy and VP shunt | 2 months after VP shunt | levodopa-carbidopa 250/25Â mg QID | after 2 years of follow-up, patient remained on chronic treatment with L-dopa and was responding well |
37 | 32/F | obstructive HD due to rosette-forming glioneuronal tumour | endoscopic third ventriculostomy, VP shunt and shunt revision | 4 months after the last revision | levodopa-carbidopa 250/25Â mg QID | good control established in 6 months | |
38 | 20/M | obstructive HD due to AS | multiple shunt revisions | 3 months after the last revision | cabergoline 10Â mg QD, amantadine 100Â mg TID | completely resolved in 2 months |