Clinico-pathogenetic findings and management of chondrodystrophic myotonia ( Schwartz-Jampel syndrome )

Case Report Clinico-pathogenetic findings and management of chondrodystrophic myotonia (Schwartz-Jampel syndrome) Nicola C. Ho, M.D., Stacey Sandusky, B.S., Victor Madike, M.S., Clair A. Francomano, M.D., and Marino C. Dalakas, M.D. 3 Human Genetics & Integrative Medicine Section, LG, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD Neuromuscular Diseases Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD


Background
In 1962, Oscar Schwartz and Robert Jampel jointly described a rare autosomal recessive disorder in a pair of siblings. The children had short stature, myotonia with paucity of facial expression, blepharophimosis, pectus carinatum, and contractures. [1] This disorder was also designated osteo-chondro-muscular dystrophy or chondrodystrophic myotonia, [2] and it was initially thought to be neurogenic in etiology. Recently, mutations in the gene Perlecan (HSPG2) encoding the protein heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2, have been found to be responsible for this condition. Perlecan resides in 1p34-p35.1. Its attendant defect leads to abnormal cartilage development and anomalous neuromuscular activity, resulting in skeletal dysplasia and electrophysiologic signs of myotonia as seen in chondrodystrophic myotonia or Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS). [3,4] We report the case of an 8-year-old boy with SJS associated with Perlecan mutations. We discuss the clinical features, molecular findings, and management of this disorder.

Case Presentation
An 8-year-old Caucasian boy presented with distinctive facial features, mild generalized muscle weakness and muscle stiffness. He was born to healthy, non-consan-guineous parents. He started walking at the age of 16-18 months. His mother expressed concern about the unusual positioning of his legs and feet. At the age of 3 years, the patient was noted to have distinctive facies and skeletal abnormalities, which became increasingly apparent and progressive with time. There was no family history of neuromuscular disorders or skeletal dysplasias.
Because his main complaint was generalized muscle stiffness, he was prescribed carbamazepine 600 mg in the morning and 700 mg in the evening. Having a warm bath twice a day also help in alleviating his stiffness. Gradually, he experienced mild muscle weakness in his lower extremities resulting in inability to get up from the floor. He expressed difficulty in climbing stairs and running. One positive aspect was that his frequency of falls had reduced.
Physical examination revealed a boy with unusual facies and stiffness. His height was 122 cm (15 th percentile), weight 25.3 kg (50 th ), and head circumference 54.3 cm (90 th ). He was normotensive. His distinctive facial features included blepharophimosis, low set ears with folded helices, a fixed facial expression due to tonic contraction of the facial muscles, pursed lips caused by contraction of the perioral muscles, and micrognathia (figure 1). He was mildly myopic. His palate was highly arched. He had a high-pitched voice and a drooling indistinct speech.
The patient had kyphosis of his cervical spine, pes planus of his feet, and valgus deformities of his ankles. Also noted was a tendon contracture of his left Achilles heel. He had diffuse muscular hypertrophy and stiffness but generalized myotonia was not evident. Strength testing revealed grade 5 muscle power (normal) throughout. Reflexes were difficult to elicit, especially in the lower extremities. He had a crouching stance and a stiff gait. When he walked, he would circumduct his right leg. Examination of his genitalia revealed small testes. His mental development was mildly delayed.
Skeletal survey showed kyphoscoliosis, bowing of long bones and abnormal capital femoral epiphyses. His blood differential and chemistry were normal, with the exception of creatine kinase, which was elevated at 896 I/U. The electromyogram showed occasional myotonic discharges. The muscle biopsy was unremarkable. The clinical diagnosis was SJS and the molecular analysis confirmed compound heterozygozity with different splice-site mutations in the two Perlecan alleles. These mutations result in significant reduction in the production of the wild-type (normal) protein encoded by Perlecan (figure 2).
The patient was placed on carbamazepine (Tegretol XR) 600 mg manè and 700 mg noctè for muscle stiffness and referred for physical therapy. His generalized muscle stiff-ness showed symptomatic alleviation with carbamazepine treatment. His family was cautioned regarding life-threatening complications that may arise during anesthesia. Apart from neuromuscular assessments, he was also managed by routine evaluations in the orthopedic, ophthalmologic, and pediatric clinics.

Discussion
Chondrodystrophic myotonia or Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS) is a rare skeletal dysplasia often associated with clinical or electrophysiologic signs of myotonia. It may be progressive in nature. To date, there had been several reports on Middle Eastern families and South African kindreds, the prevalence of which may be accounted for by parental consanguinity in these regions. [5] The characteristic features include myotonia with a fixed or frozen facial expression, pursed lips, and a small mouth. The ocular manifestations are blepharophimosis, myopia and medial displacement of outer canthi. Patients have a waddling gait and frequently adopt a crouched stance because of joint stiffness. The skeletal findings are short stature, pectus carinatum, kyphoscoliosis, platyspondyly with coronal clefts in the vertebrae, metaphyseal and epiphyseal dysplasias, and joint contractures. Respiratory and feeding difficulties may occur shortly after birth. Mild mental retardation, which may be intrinsic to the syndrome or a result of the severity of physical limitations, has been said to be present in about 25% of cases. Muscle hypertrophy is evident in most patients. Malignant hyperthermia during anesthesia is a potentially lethal hazard. [5] In the prenatal period, polyhydramnios and absence of a stomach bubble, both indicative of a swallowing disorder, may be noted. [6] Contractures or short femurs may also be found on ultrasound. [6] There is considerable clinical heterogeneity in the SJS phenotype. Giedion et al. (1997) proposed a useful clinicoradiological classification, characterizing the SJS phenotype into type 1A, which is associated with moderate bone dysplasia and is cognizant in childhood; type IB, which shows more severe bone dysplasia and is recognizable at birth; and type 2, which has marked bowing of long bones and is manifested at birth. While types 1A and 1B are caused by mutations in Perlecan at 1p36.1, type 2 shows no linkage to the SJS locus on chromosome 1. [7] Type 2 is now identified as Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome, a genetically distinct, and highly lethal disorder. [4] Creatine kinase and other muscle enzymes may be mildly or moderately elevated. [2,5] The electromyography shows persistent spontaneous activity that wanes at rest. Muscle biopsies show no distinguishable findings. [5] Perlecan mutations characterized thus far in patients with SJS were missense mutations, splicing mutations with The patient has blepharophimosis, pursed lips, low-set ears, and stiffness of facial expression Figure 1 The patient has blepharophimosis, pursed lips, low-set ears, and stiffness of facial expression. Note the bowing of the tibiae, valgus deformities of the ankles, and pes planus. Also note the muscle hypertrophy and mild chest deformity. exon skipping, and deletions. [3,4] In these patients, mutant Perlecan molecules or reduced amounts of wildtype Perlecan are secreted in the tissue matrix. Functional null mutations in the Perlecan were also found in individuals with dyssegmental dysplasia (Silverman-Handmaker type), a neonatal lethal skeletal dysplasia with exencephaly. Patients with this disorder demonstrated absence of Perlecan in the cartilage matrix. [8] It would seem that there is a spectrum of Perlecan disorders with SJS at the moderate severe area and the lethal Silverman-Handmaker syndrome at the most extreme end.
Muscle contraction is initiated at sites of nerve-muscle contact or neuromuscular junctions. Acetylcholinesterase degradates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by hydrolyzing it at the synapse, thereby terminating neurotransmission. Peng et al. (1999) demonstrated that perlecan in vitro binds to acetylcholinesterase, and postulated that the perlecan-dystroglycan complex may function as an acceptor molecule for acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction. [9] Arikawa-Hirasawa et al. (2002) have shown that in perlecan-null mice, agrin and acetylcholine molecules were present at the neuromuscular junction but acetylcholinesterase was totally absent, indicating that Immunostaining of perlecan with domain-specific anti-perlecan antibodies in muscle tissues from patient and from an unaffected control subject Figure 2 Immunostaining of perlecan with domain-specific anti-perlecan antibodies in muscle tissues from patient and from an unaffected control subject. Staining in muscle tissue of patient is significantly reduced.

Patient (Domain V) Control
Patient (Domain III) Control perlecan binds acetylcholinesterase and localizes it at the synapse. [10] In our patient, the diminished amounts of normal perlecan found may result in reduced clustering of acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction. This culminates in a lower inhibition and therefore a higher concentration of acetylcholine, enhancing neuro-excitatory activity and probably generating myotonic discharges.
Currently, treatment for patients with SJS is primarily symptomatic, aimed at alleviating symptoms and preventing or managing complications. The management of contractures, bony deformities, and ambulatory issues will call for physical therapy, occupational therapy, orthopedic assessment and surgery. [2,5] Ophthalmologic correction of ptosis, myopia, and juvenile cataract, as well as repair of the narrowed palpebral fissures may be warranted to facilitate normal vision. [6] Elevation of the upper eyelid margin by levator aponeurosis surgery may improve facial appearance and self-image. Myotonia may respond to phenytoin, procainamide or carbamazepine. Treatment with carbamazepine, initiated in infancy, can produce marked resolution and continuous improvement of myotonia, blepharospasm and joint stiffness, resulting in lessening of the chest deformity and contractures. [11] The contractures are progressive until mid-adolescence but thereafter, usually become static. [5] The myotonia may improve spontaneously in later childhood.
Individuals with SJS should be cautioned regarding lifethreatening complications that may arise during anesthesia. Micrognathia and jaw muscle rigidity may pose mechanical difficulties during intubation. Higher doses of muscle relaxants such as rocuronium may be required to facilitate tracheal intubation, probably because of the lowered degradation rate of acetylcholine. [12] Malignant hyperthemia during anesthesia is a potentially lethal complication. In view of the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance of this disorder, genetic counseling may be appropriate as the risk of recurrence is 25% or 1 in 4.