Central nervous system vasculopathy caused by Fabry disease: a case report and literature review

Background Fabry disease is rare, and often the diagnosis is delayed. Here, we describe a case of Fabry disease resulting in vasculopathy of the central nervous system. Magnetic resonance (MR) black-blood sequence (three-dimensional T1 volumetric isotropic turbo spin echo acquisition), with a unique advantage of imaging the vascular wall, facilitated a clear identification of the vasculopathy. Case A 27-year-old man visited our hospital for the treatment of " double vision 6d." After a series of examinations, the patient was diagnosed with Fabry disease, which caused vasculopathy of the central nervous system. Subsequently, the patient was treated with corticosteroids and his symptoms were attenuated. Two months after the initial treatment, the initial lesion formed in the vascular vessel disappeared, however, a new lesion appeared. Similarly, four months after the initial treatment, although the previous lesion disappeared, a new lesion appeared. sequence in


Background
Fabry disease is an X-linked inherited α-galactosidase deficiency disease. The disease is rare and more likely to occur in males, mostly during childhood and adolescence. The incidence rate varies approximately between 1/476000 and 1/117000 [1,2], and the diagnosis of the disease is often delayed. According to reports, the average age of male patients with Fabry disease is 12.5 years, while that of female patients is 13.1 years, as considered from the time of symptom onset to reaching a clear diagnosis [3].

Case Presentation
A 27-year-old man was admitted to the hospital owing to "double vision 6d." His admission examination results revealed absence of left eye adduction, and he had an outward squint. His 3 auxiliary examination results were as follows: proteinuria: 3+, urinary occult blood: 1+, 24-h proteinuria: 3.44 g/24 h (normal: <0.20 g/24 h); cerebrospinal fluid pressure: 240 mmHg, glucose: 2.05 mmol/L, white blood cell count: 23×106/L, protein: 0.67 g/L, and cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin IgG: 68.00 mg/L (normal: 0-34.0 mg/L); activity of α-galactosidase A: 0.9 nmol/(h mg) (normal: 25.5~64.1 nmol/(h mg)). MR-fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging of the brain showed abnormal signals in the left oculomotor nucleus (Fig. 1A), and no obvious abnormality was noted in magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) (Fig. 1B). The black-blood sequence showed partial thickening and mild enhancement of basilar artery and bilateral posterior cerebral artery (Fig.   1C). A pathological biopsy of the kidney revealed a large number of myeloid bodies and zebra bodies ( Fig. 1D). Genetic testing revealed a nucleotide mutation in the GLA gene c.426C>A (nucleotide in the coding region 426 from C to A), which caused the Cys 142 amino acid-translating codon to function as a stop codon (p. Cys142Ter); this phenomenon led to the early termination of peptide chain synthesis.
The mutation has been reported in the literature to be associated with Fabry disease (reference databases HGMD Pro and PubMed) [4]. The frequency of this mutation in the population is extremely low (reference databases: 1000 Genomes, dbSNP). According to the abovementioned test results, the diagnosis was Fabry disease.
Subsequently, we treated our patient with corticosteroids, and he was discharged after his symptoms ameliorated. The patient was reviewed after 2 months; MR-FLAIR imaging of the patient's brain revealed new abnormal signals in the left temporal lobe ( Fig. 2A), but we could not detect any obvious abnormality on the MRA (Fig. 2B). Furthermore, the black-blood sequence revealed an abnormal enhancement of the left middle cerebral artery (Fig. 2C), and the abnormal enhancement of the basilar artery and bilateral posterior cerebral artery had disappeared (Fig. 2D). Four months later after initial treatment, the black-blood sequence revealed that the abnormal enhancement of the left middle cerebral artery had disappeared, and no obvious abnormality could be detected in the MRA (Fig. 2E); however, an abnormal enhancement of the right middle cerebral artery was detected in the black-blood sequence (Fig. 2F).

Discussion
4 Fabry disease is caused by a mutation or deletion of a gene on the chromosome Xq22 that causes partial or total deficiency of α-galactosidase A, which impairs catabolism of trimeric hexose ceramide, which progressively accumulates in the kidney, heart, vascular wall, and the nervous system. Accumulation in tissue cells causes subsequent damage to multiple organ systems [5]. In the later stages of the disease, multiple organs such as the kidney, heart, and other organs are progressively damaged. Most patients reportedly die of uremia or cardiovascular complications at 40-50 years of age [6]. As in our patient, recurrent strokes, causing lesions in different vascular distribution area, have a huge negative impact on the patient's quality of life. Therefore, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for patients.
However, as mentioned above, the disease often has a delayed diagnosis which is unfavorable for disease prognosis. Therefore, in case of repeated strokes in young patients and the occurrence of migratory lesions without any obvious abnormalities noted during the MRA examination, the MR black-blood sequence scan should be used to check for vasculopathy. If vasculopathy exists accompanied by other systemic damage, the possibility of Fabry disease should be considered. Renal biopsy and genetic testing should be subsequently performed to confirm this.
The treatment of the disease includes both non-specific and specific approaches. The non-specific approach involves symptomatic treatment, whereas the specific approach involves enzyme replacement therapy. Our patient could not afford the expensive enzyme replacement therapy.
Studies have shown that corticosteroid therapy can result in short-term efficacy in patients with vascular lesions that affect the central nervous system [7]. Therefore, we used corticosteroid therapy for our patient and achieved beneficial effects. Ethics approval and consent to participate Informed consent was obtained from the patient to publish her case, and approval for this study was provided by the Research Ethics Committee of The First Hospital of Jilin University.

Consent for publication
Written informed consent for publication of this Case Report was obtained from the patient. A copy of written consent form is available for review to the Editor of this journal.

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