Unusual neurologic manifestations of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: a systematic literature review

Background and Purpose The usual neurologic manifestations of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease include aseptic meningitis and headaches. We performed the present study to review all unusual neurologic manifestations reported in VKH disease to summarize them. Methods A literature search was performed in the English language on Scopus and Medline via PubMed from 1946 to July 31, 2021, by using the following terms: “Vogt Koyanagi Harada disease” OR “VKH disease” AND “Brain” OR “Spinal cord” OR “CNS” OR “Central nervous system” OR “Neurologic” OR “Peripheral nervous system” OR “Polyneuropathies. Our inclusion criteria were unusual neurologic manifestations of VKH disease. Results Our literature search yielded 417 total articles (PubMed = 334, Scopus = 83) from which 32 studies comprising 43 patients (22 men and 21 women, of which 62.8% were younger than 50 years) were included in this systematic literature review. Regarding the study design, all studies were case reports and published between 1981 and 2021. CNS involvement was the most reported (93%) in VKH disease. Peripheral nervous system involvement represents 7% of cases. The cerebral lesions were parenchymal inflammatory lesions in the white matter or posterior fossa with or no contrast enhancement (16.3%), leptomeningitis (9.3%), pachymeningitis (7%), meningoencephalitis (2.3%), ischemic stroke (4.6%), hemorrhagic stroke (2.3%), transient ischemic attack (2.3%), and hydrocephalus (2.3%). The optic nerve lesions were anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (20.9%) and optic neuritis (9.3%). Concerning spinal cord lesion, it was mainly myelitis (14%). Conclusion This systematic literature review provides a summary of the different unusual neurologic manifestations reported in VKH disease.


Background
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is characterized by bilateral ocular involvement associated with extraocular manifestations such as neurological (related to aseptic meningitis: headache, neck and back stiffness), auditory (tinnitus, hearing loss, and vertigo), and integumentary (alopecia, poliosis, and vitiligo) [1]. VKH disease is a rare multisystemic autoimmune disease, mediated by T cells directed against melanocytes strongly present in the eye (choroids), inner ear, meninges, and the integumentary system [2,3]. This disease affects mainly patients aged between 20 and 50 years, females (with a female/male ratio of 2:1), Asians, Native Americans, and Hispanics [2]. The origin of this disease remains unknown. The role of genetic factors has been recognized in the pathogenic mechanisms of VKH disease due to its strong association Page 2 of 8 Toudou-Daouda and Ibrahim-Mamadou BMC Neurology (2022) 22:44 with certain HLA antigens [1,4,5]. According to the data from a systematic review and meta-analysis, HLA-DRB1*0404, HLA-DRB1*0405, and HLA-DRB1*0410 are risk sub-alleles for VKH disease [6]. VKH disease occurs in people with a genetic predisposition who are exposed to one or more environmental triggers. Infectious agents such as Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus are the mains environmental triggers reported [7,8].
The usual neurologic manifestations of VKH disease include aseptic meningitis and headaches [9]. However, unusual neurologic manifestations had been reported in VKH disease. We performed the present systematic literature review (SLR) to summarize the different unusual neurologic manifestations reported in VKH disease.

Study design
The present study is a SLR focused on the unusual neurologic manifestations of VKH disease. The review protocol was not previously registered. We conducted this SLR according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. All articles included in this SLR are referenced.

Search strategy
To carry out this SLR, a literature search was performed on Scopus and Medline via PubMed from 1946 to July 31, 2021. In both electronic databases, the literature search was performed by using the following terms: "Vogt Koyanagi Harada disease" OR "VKH disease" AND "Brain" OR "Spinal cord" OR "CNS" OR "Central nervous system" OR "Neurologic" OR "Peripheral nervous system" OR "Polyneuropathies. The search was conducted in the English language.

Study selection
All records identified during the literature search were independently screened by the two authors (MTD and AKIM). The first stage consisted of screening based on titles and abstracts of all identified records through the literature search to identify potentially eligible articles. The second stage consisted of screening based on the full text of all potentially eligible articles to identify articles meeting the inclusion criteria of our SLR. The sole inclusion criteria for our SLR was VKH disease associated with unusual neurological involvement. We made no restrictions on the language.

Data extraction and analysis
We manually extracted the following data from the included studies: study authors, year of publication, country, study design, age, gender, and main results.
Data extraction was completed independently by the two authors (MTD and AKIM), and any discrepancies were resolved by discussion and consensus. We reported our findings using qualitative descriptive statistics. A metaanalysis was not performed because the included studies were all case reports.

Ethics statement
Ethics approval and written informed consent were not required for this SLR because all the data were extracted from public access databases and no primary data were collected or generated during the review process.

Results
The studies selection process was showed in Fig. 1. Our literature search yielded 417 total articles (Pub-Med = 334, Scopus = 83). After reviewing titles and abstracts, 370 studies were excluded because they were unrelated to the aim of our SLR. Among the remaining 47 potentially eligible studies, 11 were excluded for duplicity. After reviewing the full texts of the remaining 36 articles, 4 studies were excluded because they reported usual neurologic manifestations of VKH disease. Eventually, 32 studies [10-41] fulfilled our inclusion criteria and were retained in our SLR.

Study characteristics
Our SLR included a total of 32 publications, comprising 43 patients (22 men and 21 women, of which 62.8% were younger than 50 years). Regarding the study design, all studies were case reports and published between 1981 and 2021. There were 27 articles in English and 5 in Japanese. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the included studies. Table 1 summarizes the main unusual neurological manifestations in this SLR. CNS involvement was the most reported (93%) in VKH disease. Only reported by one study [33], peripheral nervous system involvement represents 7% of cases. Among the CNS involvement (40 cases), cerebral lesions represented 52.5% of cases (21/40), followed by the optic nerve lesions (13/40 = 32.5%) and the spinal cord (6/40 = 15%).

Discussion
In the present SLR, we found that unusual neurologic manifestations of VKH disease are rare, and all reported studies are case reports. The evidence level of nervous system involvement or neurologic manifestations of VKH disease is moderate to high quality. In the majority of studies included in this SLR, the patients had benefited from an exhaustive exploration that had permitted ruling out other conditions such as Behçet's disease, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, tuberculosis or sarcoidosis. All included patients had an established diagnosis of VKH disease. The patients with ischemic stroke [36,37] had undergone a work-up that had permitted ruling out a cardiac or atherosclerotic origin.
VKH disease is a systemic autoimmune disorder affecting melanocyte-rich tissues, such as the eyes, inner ear, meninges, and skin [2,3]. The unusual neurologic manifestations of VKH disease are various and dominated by cerebral involvement, like inflammatory parenchymal lesions. The precise pathophysiological mechanism by which VKH disease leads to cerebral or spinal cord involvement is unclear. The brain, optic nerves (prolongation of the brain), and the spinal cord are surrounded by meninges. These meninges contain strongly melanocytes which are T cell targets in VKH disease [42]. That could explain the cerebral involvement, optic nerves (optic neuritis), and the spinal cord observed in VKH disease.   Concerning anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), the pathophysiological mechanism of its occurrence is uncertain. The vascularization of the optic disc is organized as follows: 1) the lamina cribrosa region is supplied by centripetal branches directly from the short posterior ciliary arteries (PCAs) or from the circle of Haller and Zinn formed by the short PCAs (when that is present), and 2) the prelaminar region is supplied by the fine centripetal branches from the peripapillary choroidal vessels [43]. Severe uveitis with choroidal involvement causes inflammatory infiltration of the peripapillary choroidal vessels with a high risk of their obliteration that could explain the occurrence of the AION in VKH disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred imaging technique for detecting brain or spinal cord lesions in patients with VKH disease and helps in the differential diagnosis of VKH disease with multiples sclerosis. MRI can detect the meningeal inflammatory process in patients with VKH disease by showing pachymeningeal or leptomeningeal enhancement.
Peripheral nervous system involvement found in this SLR was Guillain-Barré syndrome [33]. The pathophysiological mechanism of Guillain-Barré syndrome in VKH disease is not well known. Since melanocytes and Schwann cells (myelin-producing cells) had the neural crest as a common embryologic origin [44], it is easy to suppose that a disease involving melanocytes (such as VKH disease) can cause peripheral nervous system involvement.

Limitations
The main limitation of this SLR is that it is mainly based on case reports. However, VKH disease is a rare condition and its unusual neurologic manifestations are even rarer, which would explain the small number of reported cases in the literature.

Conclusions
This SLR summarizes the findings of existing studies on unusual neurologic manifestations of VKH disease and provided data on the pathophysiological mechanisms of the occurrence of these neurologic manifestations during this disease. Nervous system involvement or neurologic manifestations of VKH disease have been well documented in patients included in this SLR. To our knowledge, our study is the sole systematic review performed on the unusual neurologic manifestations of VKH disease.