Table 1 Comparison of cases of pneumonia and their matched controls
Cases | Controls* | |
|---|---|---|
Number | 1,835 | 16,088 |
Age at index date (years; mean ± sd) | 79.2 ± 8.0 | 78.6 ± 7.8 |
Male sex (%) | 1,137 (62.0) | 10,000 (62.0) |
New-user at cohort entry (%) | 1,053 (57.4) | 9,251 (57.4) |
Disease duration at cohort entry among prevalent users (yrs; mean ± sd) | 3.1 ± 2.9 | 3.1 ± 2.9 |
Indication for treatment (%) | ||
Parkinson's disease | 1,114 (60.7) | 10,758 (60.7) |
Parkinsonian syndrome | 127 (6.9) | 649 (6.9) |
Restless leg syndrome | 85 (4.6) | 644 (4.6) |
Hyperprolactinemia/acromegaly | 21 (1.1) | 73 (1.1) |
Not mentioned | 488 (26.6) | 3,964 (26.6) |
Body mass index ≥ 30 (%)† | 211 (16.4) | 1,624 (14.0) |
Ever smoking (%)† | 685 (45.7) | 5,300 (39.7) |
Alcohol abuse (%) | 104 (5.7) | 701 (4.4) |
Co-morbidity prior to cohort entry (%) | ||
Cerebrovascular disease | 339 (18.5) | 2,109 (13.0) |
Ischemic heart disease | 419 (22.8) | 3,462 (21.1) |
Hypertension | 622 (33.9) | 5408 (33.4) |
Heart Failure | 175 (9.5) | 880 (5.2) |
Diabetes | 172 (9.4) | 1031 (6.5) |
Rhythm irregularity | 224 (12.2) | 1652 (10.1) |
Cardiac valve condition | 22 (1.2) | 162 (1.0) |
Peripheral edema | 428 (23.3) | 3109 (19.0) |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 315 (17.2) | 2023 (12.4) |
Asthma | 205 (11.2) | 1447 (9.0) |
History of prior Pneumonia | 127 (6.9) | 564 (3.6) |
Lung Cancer | 4 (0.2) | 25 (0.1) |
Other Cancer | 305 (16.6) | 2251 (14.0) |
Depression | 265 (14.4) | 2071 (12.7) |
Anemia | 208 (11.3) | 1483 (9.4) |
Renal Failure | 84 (4.6) | 473 (2.8) |
Dementia | 153 (8.3) | 918 (5.5) |
Motor Neuron Disease | 1 (0.1) | 11 (0.1) |
Medication use in year prior to index date (%) | ||
Diuretics | 828 (45.1) | 5911 (36.6) |
ACE- inhibitors | 383 (20.9) | 3084 (18.9) |
Angiotensin receptor blocker | 96 (5.2) | 845 (5.2) |
Proton-pump inhibitors | 563 (30.7) | 3566 (22.6) |
NSAIDS | 357 (19.5) | 3093 (19.5) |
Oral corticosteroids | 247 (13.5) | 962 (6.2) |
Inhaled corticosteroids | 243 (13.2) | 1331 (8.4) |
Other respiratory medications | 372 (20.3) | 1844 (11.8) |
Antibiotics‡ | 1083 (59.0) | 6363 (39.7) |
Antidepressants | 547 (29.8) | 3731 (23.1) |
Benzodiazepines/Anxiolytics | 423 (23.1) | 2681 (17.2) |
Antipsychotics | 286 (15.6) | 1694 (10.7) |
Antiepileptics | 198 (10.8) | 1084 (7.0) |
Opiates | 628 (34.2) | 4299 (26.9) |
Barbiturates | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.0) |
Mood Stabilizers | 14 (0.8) | 134 (0.8) |
Immunosuppressants | 5 (0.3) | 28 (0.2) |
Influenza vaccination prior to index date | 1529 (83.3) | 13335 (82.8) |