Medication | Pacemaker (cases, N = 96,000) N (%) | No Pacemaker (controls, N = 384,000) N (%) | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incident and prevalent users | Incident users only | ||||
Had a code for dementia | 10488 (10.9) | 87460 (22.8) | 0.42 (0.41, 0.42) | 0.41 (0.41, 0.42) | 0.41 (0.4, 0.42) |
Cholinesterase inhibitor | 1530 (1.6) | 15055 (3.9) | 0.40 (0.38, 0.42) | 0.76 (0.76, 0.80) | 0.75 (0.71, 0.79) |
Ace-inhibitor/Angiotensin receptor blocker | 19536 (20.4) | 70672 (18.4) | 1.13 (1.11, 1.15) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) |
Insulin/oral hypoglycemic agent | 6416 (6.7) | 28900 (7.5) | 0.88 (0.86, 0.91) | 0.81 (0.81, 0.84) | 0.83 (0.81, 0.86) |
Proton pump inhibitors/H2-receptor blocker | 8054 (8.4) | 55903 (14.6) | 0.54 (0.52, 0.55) | 0.51 (0.51, 0.52) | 0.53 (0.52, 0.55) |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor | 2591 (2.7) | 25525 (6.6) | 0.39 (0.37, 0.41) | 0.44 (0.44, 0.46) | 0.45 (0.43, 0.47) |
Statin | 12746 (13.3) | 53896 (14) | 0.94 (0.92, 0.96) | 0.84 (0.83, 0.85) | 0.89 (0.87, 0.91) |
Thiazide diuretic | 4138 (4.3) | 24407 (6.4) | 0.66 (0.64, 0.69) | 0.61 (0.61, 0.63) | 0.64 (0.62, 0.66) |
Thyroxine | 4353 (4.5) | 18660 (4.9) | 0.93 (0.90, 0.96) | 0.88 (0.88, 0.91) | 0.9 (0.87, 0.94) |
Vaughan-Williams drug class | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Ia | 272 (0.3) | 352 (0.1) | 3.10 (2.64, 3.63) | 2.33 (2.29, 2.75) | 2.38 (2, 2.82) |
Ib | 41 (0) | 74 (0) | 2.22 (1.51, 3.25) | 1.47 (1.41, 2.20) | 1.5 (0.99, 2.28) |
Ic | 907 (0.9) | 840 (0.2) | 4.35 (3.96, 4.78) | 3.58 (3.54, 3.95) | 3.66 (3.31, 4.05) |
II (beta-blockers) | 15770 (16.4) | 38904 (10.1) | 1.74 (1.71, 1.78) | 1.60 (1.60, 1.63) | 1.59 (1.56, 1.63) |
III | 3614 (3.8) | 3939 (1) | 3.77 (3.61, 3.95) | 3.48 (3.46, 3.65) | 3.47 (3.31, 3.65) |
IV (calcium channel blockers) | 6291 (6.6) | 15501 (4) | 1.67 (1.62, 1.72) | 1.49 (1.49, 1.54) | 1.48 (1.43, 1.53) |
V (digoxin) | 7965 (8.3) | 17815 (4.6) | 1.86 (1.81, 1.91) | 1.69 (1.69, 1.74) | 1.67 (1.62, 1.72) |