Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study population according to brain frailty score

Age, y, median (IQR)

62 (14)

55 (17)

59.5 (14)

64 (12)

68.5 (11)

< 0.001

Age categories

< 0.001

≤ 55

316 (32.1)

118 (50.6)

131 (38.8)

56 (23.7)

11 (6.3)

56∼65

334 (34.0)

69 (29.6)

124 (36.7)

93 (39.4)

48 (27.3)

> 66

333 (33.9)

46 (19.7)

83 (24.6)

87 (36.9)

117 (66.5)

Male, n (%)

667 (67.9)

159 (68.2)

223 (66.0)

159 (67.4)

126 (71.6)

0.634

Smoking, current, n (%)

344 (35.0)

100 (42.9)

119 (35.2)

71 (30.5)

53 (30.1)

0.016

Drinking, current, n (%)

279 (28.4)

75 (32.2)

96 (28.4)

62 (26.6)

45 (25.6)

0.439

Hypertension, n (%)

643 (65.4)

135 (57.9)

214 (63.3)

161 (68.2)

133 (75.6)

0.002

Duration of hypertension > 5y, n (%)

418 (42.5)

67 (28.8)

132 (39.1)

118 (50.0)

101 (57.4)

< 0.001

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

251 (25.5)

42 (18.0)

95 (28.1)

60 (25.4)

54 (30.7)

0.014

Diabetes mellitus time > 5y, n (%)

110 (11.2)

15 (6.4)

43 (12.7)

29 (12.3)

23 (13.1)

0.040

coronary heart disease, n (%)

150 (15.3)

22 (9.4)

50 (14.8)

41 (17.4)

37 (21.0)

0.009

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

55 (5.6)

5 (2.1)

15 (4.4)

22 (9.3)

13 (7.4)

0.004

Prior TIA, n (%)

67 (6.8)

17 (7.3)

25 (7.4)

12 (5.1)

13 (7.4)

0.690

Prior stroke, n (%)

365 (37.1)

7 (3.0)

123 (36.4)

132 (55.9)

103 (58.5)

< 0.001

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

315 (32.0)

91 (39.1)

102 (30.2)

73 (30.9)

49 (27.8)

0.061

LDL-C, mmol/L, median (IQR)

2.40 (1.15)

2.67 (1.13)

2.33 (1.17)

2.26 (1.11)

2.35 (0.96)

0.004

ApoA1, g/L, median (IQR)

1.13 (0.27)

1.13 (0.31)

1.13 (0.26)

1.13 (0.26)

1.13 (0.27)

0.984

ApoB, g/L, median (IQR)

0.95 (0.31)

0.96 (0.31)

0.95 (0.33)

0.95 (0.35)

0.93 (0.31)

0.018

HCY, umol/L, median (IQR)

16.0 (9.7)

16.2 (10.6)

15.86 (9.10)

16.0 (8.4)

16.0 (9.9)

0.382

occluded vessels position

0.009

MCA occlusion

523 (53.2)

129 (55.4)

190 (56.2)

116 (49.2)

88 (50.0)

ICA occlusion

289 (29.4)

75 (32.2)

97 (28.7)

65 (27.5)

52 (29.5)

MCA + ICA occlusion

171 (17.4)

29 (12.4)

51 (15.1)

55 (23.3)

36 (20.5)

multiple vessel occlusion, n (%)

246 (25.0)

40 (17.2)

80 (23.7)

71 (30.1)

55 (31.3)

0.002

ACA occlusion, n (%)

209 (21.3)

41 (17.6)

74 (21.9)

52 (22.0)

42 (23.9)

0.137

PC occlusion, n (%)

198 (20.1)

31 (13.3)

65 (19.2)

62 (26.3)

40 (22.9)

0.004

Stroke events, median (IQR)

1 (1)

1 (1)

1 (1)

1 (1)

1 (1)

< 0.001

ACI, n (%)

645 (65.6)

168 (72.1)

224 (66.3)

140 (59.3)

113 (64.2)

0.033

Frontal lobe infarction, n (%)

362 (36.8)

104 (44.6)

115 (34.0)

84 (35.6)

59 (33.5)

0.042

temporal lobe infarction, n (%)

299 (30.4)

92 (39.5)

90 (26.6)

71 (30.1)

46 (26.1)

0.005

parietal infarction, n (%)

349 (35.5)

102 (43.8)

109 (32.2)

81 (34.3)

57 (32.4)

0.024

basal ganglia infarction, n (%)

320 (32.6)

103 (44.2)

105 (31.1)

72 (30.5)

40 (22.7)

< 0.001

Posterior circulation infarction, n (%)

151 (15.4)

39 (16.8)

52 (15.4)

34 (14.4)

26 (14.8)

0.900

The shape of the lesion in the occluded vessel

0.001

No lesions or scattered

190 (19.3)

52 (22.3)

73 (21.6)

37 (15.7)

28 (15.9)

Patchy

603 (61.3)

121 (51.9)

207 (61.2)

154 (65.3)

121 (68.8)

Large flakes

190 (19.3)

60 (25.8)

58 (17.2)

45 (19.1)

27 (15.3)

Complication, n (%)

167 (17.0)

36 (15.5)

44 (13.0)

47 (19.9)

40 (22.7)

0.013

pneumonia, n (%)

108 (11)

20 (8.6)

27 (8.0)

33 (14.0)

28 (15.9)

0.012

hypoalbuminemia, n (%)

28 (2.8)

5 (2.1)

5 (1.5)

9 (3.8)

9 (5.1)

0.030

NIHSS score on admission, median (IQR)

4 (7)

4 (9)

3 (7)

4 (9)

4.5 (7)

0.037

NIHSS score at discharge, median (IQR)

3 (8)

3 (8)

2 (6)

4 (8)

4 (7)

0.007

mRS score on admission, median (IQR)

2 (3)

2 (3)

2 (3)

2 (3)

2 (3)

0.062

mRS score at discharge, median (IQR)

2 (3)

2 (3)

2 (2)

2.5 (3)

2 (3)

0.004