Fig. 4

Mean angular deviations per paradigm and calibration (retinotopic, world-based) in degrees (°), displayed separated in azimuth (A) and polar (P) directions. While polar (vertical) performance was mostly stable among patients and participants regardless of vestibular or cognitive impairment, patients with cognitive impairment showed higher angular deviations in the azimuth (horizontal) plane. In patients with BVP and normal cognition, only slightly increased deviations in the azimuth plane were found compared to healthy participants (HP) (white bars with black dots: participants without cognitive or vestibular impairment, HP; black bars with white dots: patients with BVP and normal cognition; vertically striped bars: patients with cognitive impairment and normal peripheral-vestibular function; horizontally lined bars: patients with cognitive impairment and BVP). Abbreviations: Ret. = retinotopic, W. = world-based, Azi. = azimuth, Pol. = polar, Repr. = reproduction, Transf. = transformation, Postr. = postrotation