Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies outcomes, light source parameters and combination treatment, in central nervous system disorders in clinical studies
Author | Disease category | Disorder | Sex/Age | Combination therapy | Laser/(LED) | Treatment duration | Key outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zaizar et al., 2018 [30] | Neuropsychiatric | Fear and anxiety | NM / 18–65 | Exposure therapy | 1064 nm, 120 J/cm2, 0.25 W/cm2 | NM | Combination therapy improved the outcomes of exposure therapy in pathological fear cases |
Zaizar et al., 2023 [31] | Neuropsychiatric | Fear | F / 18 – 65 | Exposure therapy | 1064 nm, 120 J/cm2 | NM | Stimulation of dlPFC and vmPFC regions did not enhance exposure therapy outcome |
De Marchi et al., 2023 [32] | Neuropsychiatric | Stress | F / 44.81 ± 10.77 | Static magnetic field & Pilates | 905 nm, 0.085 J/cm2 (875 nm, 2.22 J/cm2 and 640 nm, 2.77 J/cm2) | 12 weeks (2/week) | Increased urinary tract`s muscle strength and tone; Improved quality of life and decreased urinary lost |
Arakelyan, 2005 [33] | Neurodegenerative | AD | M, F / 73.1 | Magnetic field & Light chromo therapies | 633 nm | 6 courses delivered over 18 months, 15 procedures per course | Combination therapy by magnetic field but not light chromo therapy improved outcomes of ADAS-Cog test in AD patients |
Nagy et al., 2021 [34] | Neurodegenerative | AD | M, F / 69.50 | Aerobic exercise | 650 nm | 12 weeks (1/week) | Improved Hb level, MoCa – B basic, quality of life for AD scale and Berg Balance scale scores; Significant reduction in BMI and WHR |
Tamae et al., 2020 [35] | Neurodegenerative | PD | NM / 30—80 | Vacuum therapy | 670, 808 nm | 3 weeks (2/week) | Improved muscle pain in parkinsonians; Affected positively the quality of life |
Hong et al., 2021 [36] | Neurodegenerative | PD | F / 67.53 ± 8.83 | Molecular hydrogen water | 940 nm, 6 mW/cm2 | 2 weeks | UPDRS scores began decreasing from the first week, after 1 week of therapy cessation, UPDRS scores slightly increased but the improvement remained significant compared with the baseline |
Casalechi et al., 2020 [37] | Ischemia | Stroke | M, F / 45 – 60 | Magnetic field | 905nm, 0.71 mW/cm2 (875 nm, 19.44 mW/cm2 and 640 nm, 16.67 mW/cm2, 1.27, 3.8, 6.35 J/cm2) | 4 weeks (4/week) | Positive acute effects on functional mobility in stroke survivors; Improved the 6MWT and TUG tests using a total energy of 30J per site |
Ashrafi et al., 2020 [38] | Ischemia | Stroke | M, F / 63.5 ± 14.3 | Low frequency electromagnetic field | 840 nm | 5 days | Combination therapy improved mRS, MMSE and Barthel’s index in stroke cases |
Paolillo et al., 2022 [39] | Ischemia | Stroke | M, F / 59 ± 11 | Neuromuscular electrical stimulation | 660, 808, 980 nm, 360 J/cm2 | 3 months (1/week) | Improved cognitive function, pain relief, greater manual dexterity, physical and social emotional health which lead to better quality of life and well-being |
Dumont et al., 2022 [40] | Ischemia | Stroke | M, F / 58.5 ± 10.04 | Static magnetic field | 905 nm, 0.054, 0.162, 0.271 J/cm2 640 nm, 1.27, 3.8, 6.35 J/cm2 875 nm, 1.48, 4.43, 7.41 J/cm2 | 4 weeks | Improvement was observed in the kinematic variable of the hip in the paretic and non-paretic limbs |
da Silva et al., 2020 [41] | Nerve injury | Spinal cord injury | M, F / 36.3 ± 15.1 | Physiotherapy | 808 nm, 983 J/cm2, 4.72 W/cm2 | 4 weeks (3/week) | Leads to better sensory-motor recovery; Increased surface sensitivity, muscle strength, muscle contraction and quality of life |