Vein territory | DS criteria for abnormal findings | MRV criteria for abnormal findings | CV criteria for abnormal findings | IVUS criteria for abnormal findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
IJVs | - VH criteria 1 - presence of reflux/bidirectional flow in both sitting and supine positions | - Absent or pinpoint flow on axial TOF or TRICKS | - presence of significant stenosis (defined as venous lumen reduction ≥50 %) | - presence of significant stenosis (defined as venous lumen reduction ≥50 %) |
and/or | with or without | with or without | and/or | |
- VH criteria 3 - presence of B-mode abnormalities (web, flap, membrane, malformed valve, septum) or CSA ≤0.3 cm2 | - presence of collateral veins (external jugular veins, anterior jugular veins, facial veins, thyroid veins and deep cervical veins) | - presence of collateral veins (either epidural plexus or anterior and external jugular veins, not along the spinal cord) | - presence of various intra-luminal defects (webs, fibrotic annulus-like constrictions, flaps, septa, multiple channels) | |
and/or | and/or | |||
- VH criteria 4 - absence of detectable flow | - presence of IHFD and DPL | |||
and/or | and/or | |||
- VH criteria 5- negative CSA | - reduced respiratory pulsatility | |||
Azygos vein/ VVs | - VH criteria 1 - presence of reflux/bidirectional flow in both sitting and supine positions in VVs | - Absence of detectable flow in VVs | - presence of significant stenosis (defined as venous lumen reduction ≥50 %) in azygos vein | - presence of significant stenosis (defined as venous lumen reduction ≥50 %) in azygos vein |
and/or | with or without | and/or | ||
- VH criteria 4 - absence of detectable flow in VVs | - presence of collateral veins (either epidural or other collaterals) | - presence of various intra-luminal defects (webs, fibrotic annulus-like constrictions, flaps, septa, multiple channels) | ||
and/or | ||||
- presence of IHFD and DPL | ||||
and/or | ||||
- reduced respiratory pulsatility |