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Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study cohort grouped by JVR status (i.e. positive or negative) for all groups aggregated together

From: Jugular venous reflux and brain parenchyma volumes in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease

Variable

JVR negative

JVR positive

Significance p value

Number of subjects, n (%)

23 (34.3)

44 (65.7)

n.a.

Female gender, n (%)

9 (39.1)

16 (36.4)

0.824*

Age in years, mean (SD)

81.6 (3.3)

81.5 (6.2)

0.740

Years of education, mean (SD)

11.8 (3.8)

11.5 (3.7)

0.720

Disease classification, n (%)

  

0.106*

 Control

5 (21.7)

13 (29.5)

 

 MCI

9 (39.1)

24 (54.5)

 AD

9 (39.1)

7 (15.9)

MMSE, mean (SD)

24.0 (4.1)

26.0 (3.1)

0.065

Hypertension, n (%)

12 (52.2)

28 (63.6)

0.364*

Diabetes, n (%)

6 (26.1)

6 (13.6)

0.207*

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

5 (21.7)

8 (18.2)

0.727*

Smoking, n (%)

0 (0.0)

2 (4.5)

0.299*

Normalized WB volume, mean (SD)

1286.6 (58.3)

1327.9 (54.8)

0.014

Normalized GM volume, mean (SD)

692.6 (41.0)

726.1 (40.0)

0.002

Normalized WM volume, mean (SD)

594.0 (32.6)

601.8 (32.5)

0.531

CSF volume

380.5 (58.7)

362.0 (60.9)

0.253

  1. MCI Mild cognitive impairment, AD Alzheimer’s disease, JVR Jugular venous reflux, MMSE Mini-mental state examination, WB Whole brain, GM Gray matter, WM White matter, CSF Cerebrospinal fluid.
  2. All volumes are expressed in milliliters.
  3. n.a. Not applicable, SD Standard deviation, n Number, % - Percentage.
  4. p value determined by 2-tailed Mann Whitney U-test unless otherwise stated.
  5. *p value determined using chi square test.