An international road map to improve pain assessment in people with impaired cognition: the development of the Pain Assessment in Impaired Cognition (PAIC) meta-tool

Table 7 Pain assessment by observer ratings in PAIC tool: Body Movement items*

BODY MOVEMENTS	MEANING OF ITEMS	Not at all	Slight degree	Moderate degree	Great degree	Not scored
						a = Item is not clear
						b = Situation is unsuitable
						c = Physical status of person not suitable for scoring
						d = Other
Freezing ^a	Sudden stiffening, avoiding movement, holding breath	0	1	2	3	a b c d
Curling up ^a	Curling up the body tightly, pulling in arms and legs	0	1	2	3	a b c d
Clenching hands ^a	Tensing hands, making fists, grabbing objects tightly	0	1	2	3	a b c d
Resisting care ^b	Resisting being moved or resisting care, being uncooperative	0	1	2	3	a b c d
Pushing ^b	Actively pushing somebody or something away	0	1	2	3	a b c d
Guarding ^b	Protecting affected area, holding body part, avoiding touch, moving away	0	1	2	3	a b c d
Rubbing ^c	Tugging or massaging affected area	0	1	2	3	a b c d
Limping ^c	Avoiding pain while walking in an uneven way	0	1	2	3	a b c d
Restlessness ^d	Fidgeting, wringing hands, rocking back and forth	0	1	2	3	a b c d
Pacing ^d	Wandering restlessly back and forth (might also be in a wheelchair)	0	1	2	3	a b c d

Please record the occurrence of each body movement described in the table below. Rate the intensity of the movement from ‘not at all’ to ‘a great degree’. If an item is not scored please indicate why not.
Subcategory: ^atension, ^bdefense, ^cpain relieving adjustments and ^drestlessness.

ISSN: 1471-2377