Table 3 Mean and standard errors of crossing variables (foot-to-obstacle distances) and its variability (standard deviation)
Conditions | Trail horizontal distance before obstacle(cm) | Lead toe clearance(cm) | Lead horizontal distance beyond obstacle(cm) | Trail horizontal distance before obstacle variability(cm) | Lead toe clearance variability(cm) | Lead horizontal distance beyond obstacle variability(cm) | Crossing velocity (cm/s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PD | Obs | 30.44(±3.8) | 23.86(±2.9) | 35.26(±3.3) | 3.64(±0.5) | 1.96(±0.2) | 3.55(±0.4) | 440.0(±88.6) |
Obs + DT | 30.41(±3.0) | 23.23(±2.3) | 32.72(±2.8) | 4.09(±0.4) | 1.92(±0.2) | 3.80(±0.4) | 381.1(±75.7) | |
Limb + Obs | 30.65(±3.4) | 24.09(±2.5) | 35.09(±2.8) | 4.39(±0.5) | 2.74(±0.3) | 3.49(±0.4) | 418.7(±86.7) | |
Limb + Obs + DT | 29.10(±2.7) | 22.89(±2.3) | 34.13(±2.3) | 2.39(±0.5) | 1.83(±0.2) | 2.25(±0.3) | 393.4(±73.9) | |
Full vision | 28.29(±3.5) | 19.06(±2.3) | 41.71(±2.7) | 4.02(±0.4) | 1.65(±0.1) | 3.09(±0.4) | 605.3(±79.3) | |
Full vision + DT | 27.29(±3.4) | 18.90(±2.3) | 39.63(±2.8) | 3.69(±0.5) | 1.92(±0.3) | 3.51(±0.4) | 551.4(±75.2) | |
HC | Obs | 29.30(±4.2) | 27.45(±3.2) | 38.12(±3.6) | 3.59(±0.5) | 1.91(±0.3) | 3.17(±0.5) | 550.7(±97.1) |
Obs + DT | 29.75(±3.3) | 26.14(±2.5) | 36.19(±3.0) | 3.77(±0.5) | 2.25(±0.2) | 2.63(±0.5) | 556.1(±73.0) | |
Limb + Obs | 29.74(±3.8) | 26.02(±2.7) | 37.25(±3.7) | 4.07(±0.6) | 1.80(±0.3) | 4.49(±0.5) | 582.5(±95.0) | |
Limb + Obs + DT | 29.42(±3.0) | 25.24(±2.5) | 36.75(±2.5) | 3.87(±0.6) | 2.48(±0.3) | 3.28(±0.4) | 560.5(±83.0) | |
Full vision | 27.67(±3.8) | 21.59(±2.5) | 45.36(±3.0) | 3.73(±0.4) | 1.68(±0.2) | 3.65(±0.5) | 747.6(±86.9) | |
Full vision + DT | 26.53(±3.8) | 20.33(±2.6) | 42.49(±3.1) | 3.40(±0.6) | 2.25(±0.3) | 3.12(±0.5) | 664.7(±82.4) | |
Effects | Group | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | P = 0.02 |
Vision | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | NS | NS | NS | P < 0.001 | |
Task | NS | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | NS | NS | NS | P = 0.01 | |
Group x vision | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
Group x Task | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
Vision x Task | NS | P < 0.001 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
Group x vision x task | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |