Table 1 In- and exclusion criteria

- Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke

- Subarachnoidal hemorrhage, traumatic hemorrhage, primary intraventricular hemorrhage and transient ischemic attack

- MMSE score ≥ 15 (to ensure valid testing)

- Age younger than 40 years (to exclude atypical strokes)

- Written informed consent

- Severe aphasia (as it interferes with performance on and understanding of the instructions of the neuropsychological tests)

- Sufficient knowledge of the Dutch language

- Evidence for pre-stroke dementia (based on clinical diagnosis or IQ-CODE) in the 5 years prior to the stroke

- Other existing psychiatric and neurological diagnoses that are known to affect cognition (Parkinson’s disease, bipolar disorder, epilepsy, schizophrenia, or substance abuse)^a