Table 1 Clinical characteristics comparing patients with and without VCI after stroke

Demography

 Age (years)^a

61.0 ± 6.9

66.0 ± 8.8

0.023

0.63

 Sex (female)

3 (12.0 %)

18 (58.1 %)

<0.001

1.07

 Education (years)^a

11.2 ± 3.7

7.5 ± 4.3

0.001

0.92

 Body mass index (kg/m²)^a

24.8 ± 2.3

25.6 ± 4.0

0.416

0.25

Vascular risk factors

 Hypertension^b

19 (76.0 %)

27 (87.1 %)

0.281

0.29

 Diabetes mellitus^b

10 (40.0 %)

13 (41.9 %)

0.884

0.04

 Hyperlipidemia^b

19 (76.0 %)

22 (71.0 %)

0.672

0.11

 Atrial fibrillation^b

1 (4.0 %)

1 (3.2 %)

0.698

0.04

 Ischemic heart disease^b

4 (16.0 %)

2 (6.5 %)

0.237

0.31

 Current/former smoker^b

16 (64.0 %)

13 (41.9 %)

0.100

0.45

 Alcohol abuse^b

7 (28.0 %)

3 (9.7 %)

0.075

0.49

 Recurrent stroke^b

2 (8.0 %)

10 (32.3 %)

0.028

0.62

Stroke subtype by TOAST

0.592

0.38

 Large-artery atherosclerosis^b

10 (40.0 %)

17 (54.8 %)

 Small-artery occlusion^b

10 (40.0 %)

11 (35.5 %)

 Cardioembolism^b

1 (4.0 %)

1 (3.2 %)

 Undetermined cause^b

4 (16.0 %)

2 (6.5 %)

Stroke severity

 NIHSS score^a

3.2 ± 3.2

4.4 ± 3.7

0.236

0.35

Onset-to-test time (months)^a

6.7 ± 2.3

7.4 ± 2.4

0.294

0.30