Table 3 All observed major and minor birth defects (per MACDP criteria [25]) by organ system

 Plagiocephaly^a

Minor

4

 Torticollis^a

Major

4

 Hip dysplasia

Major

1

 Polydactyly

Major

1

 Absent right femur

Major

1

 Ventricular septal defect^b

Major

3

 Patent foramen ovale^c

Minor

2

 Atrial shunt

Major

1

 Patent ductus arteriosus^c

Minor

1

 Supraventricular tachycardia

Minor

1

 Tetralogy of Fallot

Major

1

 Tricuspid valve atresia

Major

1

 Hemangioma

Minor

2

 Café-au-lait spot

Minor

1

 Irregular tragus

Minor

1

 Mongolian spot

Minor

1

 Small anterior fontanelle

Minor

1

 Subcutaneous cyst

Minor

1

 Unspecified anomaly of nose

Major

1

 Unspecified anomaly of toes

Minor

1

 Chordee

Minor

2

 Hydrocele

Minor

2

 Undescended testicle

Minor

2

 Chordee with hypospadias

Major

1

 Penile concealment

Major

1

 Colpocephaly

Major

1

 Holoprosencephaly

Major

1

 Hydrocephalus

Major

1

 Myelomeningocele

Major

1

 Sacral dimple

Minor

1

 Unspecified agenesis of corpus callosum

Major

1

 Hydronephrosis

Major

2

 Cystic dysplasia

Major

1

 Renal dilation

Minor

1

 Vesicoureteral reflux

Major

1

 Umbilical hernia

Minor

2

 Inguinal hernia

Minor

1

 Tight frenulum

Minor

1

 Partial trisomy 9^d

Major

1

 Congenital hypothyroidism

Minor

1

 Phenylketonuria

Major

1

 Disconjugate gaze

Major

1