Study | Country | N randomised (RAGT/CGT) | N post-treatment (RAGT/CGT) | Mean age (RAGT/CGT) | EDSS (RAGT/CGT) | Mean walking speed at baseline (m/s) (RAGT/CGT) | Follow up points | Procedures in RAGT group | Procedures in CGT group | Primary outcome measure | Secondary outcome measure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beer et al. [11] | Switzerland | 35 (19/16) | 29 (14/15) | 49.7 (SD: 11.0)/51.0 (SD: 15.5) | 6.5 (r: 6–7.5)/6.5 (r: 6–7.5) | 0.21 (IQR: 0.09–0.27)/0.24 (IQR: 0.17–0.49) | 6 months | RAGT (Lokomat); 15 sessions (30 min) over 3 weeks, maximal speed: 2.8 km/h | Conventional walking training; 30 min training with assistance of a physiotherapist, 15 sessions over 3 weeks | 20MWT (walking velocity) | 6MWT (walking distance), stride length, knee extensor strength, EBI (ADL independence), VAS (walking safety and satisfaction) |
Lo and Triche [12] | US | 13 (6/7) | 13 (6/7) | 50.2 (SD: 11.4)/49.8 (SD: 11.8) | 5.0 (SD: 1.6)/4.9 (SD: 0.9) | 0.87 (SD: 0.31) 0.70 (SD 0.32) | No follow up | RAGT (Lokomat): 6 sessions (40 min) over 3 weeks, maximal speed 2.5 km/h | BWSTT; 6 sessions (40 min) over 3 weeks, maximal speed 2.5 km/h | T25FW (walking velocity) | 6MWT (walking distance), double support time and step length ratio (spatiotemporal gait kinematics) |
Giesser et al. [22] | US | 36 (18/18) | 36 (18/18) | n.a. | 6.5/6.0 | n.a. | No follow up | RAGT (Lokomat): 3 sessions (30–40 min) per week over 12–16 weeks | Resistance training with elastic bands and weights; 3 sessions (30–40 min) per week over 12–16 weeks | T25FW (walking velocity) | 6MWT (walking distance), fatigue, depression |
Wier et al. [34] | as reported in [12] | MS Quality of Life Inventory | FSS (fatigue), Life Satisfaction | ||||||||
Vaney et al. [19] | Switzerland | 67 (34/33) | 49 (26/23) | 58.23 (SD: 9.42)/54.22 (SD: 11.28) | 5.88 (SD: 0.9)/5.72 (SD: 1.06) | 0.52 (SD: 0.32)/0.6 (SD: 0.34) | 9 months | RAGT (Lokomat): 9 sessions of 30 min | Walking in a group with a physiotherapist (inside and outside); 9 sessions of 30 min | Well-Being VAS (QoL), EQ-5D (QoL), accelerometer (activity level), 10MWT (walking speed), 3MWT (walking distance) | BBS (balance), Würzburger Erschöpfungsinventar bei MS (fatigue), RMI (mobility), modified Ashworth Scale (spasticity), NRS (pain) |
Schwartz et al. [13] | Israel | 32 (15/17) | 28 (12/16) | 46.8 (SD: 11.5)/50.5 (SD: 11.5) | 6.2 (SD: 0.5)/6 (SD: 0.6) | 0.49 (SD: 0.3)/0.53 (SD: 0.31) | 3 and 6 months | RAGT (Lokomat): 2–3 sessions (30 min) per week for 4 weeks, maximal speed: 3 km/h | Gait, dynamic balance and standing from sitting exercises, 2–3 sessions (30 min) per week for 4 weeks | 10MWT (walking speed), 6MWT (walking distance), TUG (mobility) | BBS (balance), FIM (daily living functions), RAND-36 (health-related QoL) |
Straudi et al. [21] | Italy | 18 (9/9) | 16 (8/8) | 49.6 (SD: 12.0)/61.0 (SD: 8.8) | 5.8 (SD: 0.8)/5.7 (SD: 0.7) | 0.55 (SD: 0.24)/0.46 (SD: 0.22) | 3 months | RAGT (Lokomat): 12 sessions (30 min) over 6 weeks, maximal speed: 3 km/h | Conventional therapy: Stretching and strengthening of lower limb muscles, optional motor coordination and balance exercises were integrated), 12 sessions (1 h) over 6 weeks | 6MWT (walking distance), TUG (mobility) | FSS (fatigue), spatiotemporal gait parameters (gait speed, cadence, double support, step length and time), pelvis and hip kinematic profiles |
Straudi et al. [20] | Italy | 58 (30/28) | 55 (27/28) | 52.26 (SD: 11.1)/54.12 (SD: 11.4) | 6.43 (SD: 0.38)/6.46 (SD: 0.43) | 0.59 (SD: 0.37)/0.45 (SD: 0.24) | 3 months | RAGT (Lokomat): 12 sessions (1 h) over 6 weeks, maximal speed: 3 km/h | Conventional therapy: Stretching and strengthening of lower limb muscles, motor coordination and gait and balance exercises,å 12 sessions (1 h) over 6 weeks | 10MWT (walking speed), 6MWT (walking distance) | BBS (balance), TUG (mobility), FSS (fatigue), PHQ-9 (depression), SF-36 (health-related QoL), VAS (treatment acceptance) |
Pompa et al. [23] | Italy | 50 (25/25) | 43 (21/22) | 47.00 (SD: 11.2)/49.86 (SD: 8.21) | 6.62 (SD: 0.42)/6.50 (SD: 0.49) | 0.28 (SD: 0.13) /0.34 (SD: 0.19) | n.a. | RAGT (Gait Trainer GT II): 3 sessions (40 min) a week over 4 weeks, maximal speed: 1.8 km/h | Conventional walking therapy: Preparation exercises within parallel bars, trunk and pelvis control exercises, balance and coordination exercises and walking exercises, 3 sessions (40 min) a week over 4 weeks | 2MWT (walking distance), FAC (ambulation) | RMI (global mobility), mBI (independence in ADL), EDSS (MS severity), FSS (fatigue), VAS (spasticity) |