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Table 3 Comparison of Parkinson’s disease characteristics between coffee drinkers and non-coffee drinkers across genders

From: Gender-dependent effect of coffee consumption on tremor severity in de novo Parkinson’s disease

 

Male

Female

Coffee drinker

(n = 120)

Non-coffee drinker

(n = 27)

p-value

Adjusted p-value

Coffee drinker

(n = 84)

Non-coffee drinker

(n = 53)

p-value

Adjusted p-value

Demographic

 Age (years)

64.36 ± 10.04

72.20 ± 6.05

<  0.001

 

65.01 ± 9.45

67.32 ± 8.82

NS

 

 Age at symptom onset (years)

62.63 ± 10.14

69.75 ± 6.24

<  0.001

 

63.29 ± 9.71

65.53 ± 8.62

NS

 

 Disease duration (months)

21.00 ± 26.51

29.36 ± 43.61

NS

 

21.21 ± 20.69

22.02 ± 21.93

NS

 

 Formal education (years)

10.15 ± 5.18

7.74 ± 4.66

NS

 

6.16 ± 4.50

4.94 ± 3.80

NS

 

Motor and ADL

 Modified H-Y stage

1.75 ± 0.74

2.00 ± 0.78

NS

 

1.72 ± 0.83

1.82 ± 0.86

NS

 

 UPDRS motor score

19.47 ± 8.50

24.13 ± 11.69

0.024

NS*

18.99 ± 11.26

22.22 ± 12.27

NS

 

 UPDRS ADL score

7.15 ± 5.24

8.84 ± 6.03

NS

 

6.66 ± 5.17

7.98 ± 6.86

NS

 

Motor scores on UPDRS

 Tremor

2.52 ± 2.42

4.28 ± 3.46

0.021

0.002*†

2.44 ± 1.76

3.32 ± 2.55

0.018

0.036*

 Rest tremor (Item 20)

1.43 ± 1.83

2.84 ± 2.66

0.017

0.004*

1.57 ± 1.41

2.20 ± 1.98

0.034

0.044*

 Action tremor (Item 21)

1.08 ± 1.28

1.08 ± 1.44

NS

NS*

0.86 ± 1.20

1.12 ± 1.38

NS

NS*

 Bradykinesia

8.60 ± 4.48

10.72 ± 5.82

0.043

NS*

9.40 ± 6.40

10.88 ± 6.56

NS

 

 Rigidity

4.71 ± 2.70

5.00 ± 3.30

NS

 

4.44 ± 3.00

4.88 ± 2.85

NS

 

 Gait and Posture

0.68 ± 1.01

1.20 ± 1.00

0.020

NS*

0.93 ± 1.40

1.14 ± 1.40

NS

 

Motor scores on subtypes

 Tremor score (Jankovic)

0.45 ± 0.35

0.68 ± 0.48

0.006

0.005*†

0.42 ± 0.27

0.58 ± 0.37

0.007

0.026*†

 PIGD score (Jankovic)

0.38 ± 0.45

0.45 ± 0.48

NS

 

0.46 ± 0.49

0.48 ± 0.54

NS

 

 Tremor score (Kang)

0.63 ± 0.61

1.07 ± 0.86

0.021

0.002*†

0.61 ± 0.44

0.83 ± 0.64

0.018

0.036*†

 Akinetic-Rigid score (Kang)

0.89 ± 0.44

1.05 ± 0.57

NS

 

0.92 ± 0.60

1.05 ± 0.60

NS

 

Non-motor symptoms

 MMSE

26.41 ± 3.47

25.67 ± 3.13

NS

 

25.11 ± 3.92

23.79 ± 4.24

NS

 

 MoCA

24.20 ± 4.03

23.18 ± 4.35

NS

 

23.55 ± 5.49

21.87 ± 5.51

NS

 

 BDI

10.43 ± 7.91

11.04 ± 9.08

NS

 

12.56 ± 8.83

17.68 ± 12.02

0.010

0.018**

 Total NMSS score

52.26 ± 51.36

59.76 ± 39.25

NS

 

43.95 ± 37.30

68.70 ± 49.47

0.003

0.009**

  1. NS, statistically not significant
  2. * Adjusted p-values were calculated by ANCOVA after adjustment for age, age at symptom onset, formal education period, MMSE, BDI and total NMSS score
  3. ** Adjusted p-values were calculated by ANCOVA after adjustment for age, age at symptom onset, formal education period, and UPDRS motor score
  4. † Means statistically significant after correcting for multiple testing using the false discovery rate
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BMC Neurology

ISSN: 1471-2377

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