Table 2 Study results for the primary outcome of serum cytokine levels
Serum Cytokine Levels | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Author | Cytokines Assayed | Increased in CFS/ME vs. HC (p-value)a | Decreased in CFS/ME vs. HC (p-value)a |
Fletcher, et al. [20] | IL-Iα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-23, IFN- γ, LTα, TNF-α | LTα (0.000), IL-6 (0.000), IL-1α (0.044), IL-1β (0.041), IL-12 (0.000), IL-4 (0.000), IL-5 (0.000) | IL-8 (0.002), IL-13 (0.002), IL-15 (0.000) |
Hardcastle, et al. [21] | IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17, FGF, CCL11, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, CXCL10, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, VEGF | IL-7 (< 0.001), IL-8 (0.001), CCL5 (0.009) | IL-6 (< 0.001) |
Kennedy, et al. [23] | TGF-β1 | TGF-β1 (0.005) | none |
Landi, et al. [24] | CCL11, CCL24, CCL26, IL-8, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL13, CCL22, CCL3, CCL4, CCL17, GM-CSF, IL12/23p40, IL- 15, IL-16, IL-17A, IL-1a, IL-5, IL-7, TNF-β, VEGF-A, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, CX3CL1, CXCL9, CCL19 | CCL24 (0.007), CCL19 (0.04) | IL-16 (9.38 × 10− 9), IL-17A (2.79 × 10− 5), IL-7 (2.74 × 10− 4), TNF-β (0.003), CXCL9 (0.006), CX3CL1 (0.01), IL-1β (0.04), VEGF-A (0.01) |
Montoya J, et al. [25] | CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL11, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, FGF-basic, G-CSF, GM-CSF, HGF, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1RA, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, Il-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-17F, LIF, M-CSF, Resistin, SCF, TGF-α, TGF-β, TNF-α, TNF-β, VEGF, Leptin | TGF-β (0.0052) | Resistin (0.0052) |
Nakamura, et al. [26] | IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α | IL-10 (0.05) | none |
Nas K, et al. [27] | IL-6, IL-8 | IL-6 (0.007) | none |
Neu D, et al. [29] | IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α | IL-1β (0.000), IL-8 (0.000), IL-10 (0.015), TNF-α (0.019) | IFN-γ (0.000), IL-6 (0.001) |
Russell, et al. [32] | IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, 1 IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-23, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TNF-β, LTα | IL-4 and IL-5 (p = 0.00 for >50yo), IL-12p70 (p = 0.02 for >50yo), TNF-β (p = 0.03) | IL-8 (p = 0.02), IL-15 (p = 0.00) |
Suhadolnik, et al. [33] | IFN-α | NS | NS |
Tomoda, et al. [34] | IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, TGF-β, TNF- α | NS | TGF-β1 |