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Table 4 Summary of cytokines analysed in the included studies

From: A systematic review of cytokines in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis/systemic exertion intolerance disease (CFS/ME/SEID)

Cytokine

n

Reference(s)

Number of Studies indicating significant (p < 0.05) increases (‘n’, author(s))

Number of Studies indicating significant (p < 0.05) decreases (‘n’, author(s))

CCL2

6

[21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 30]

0

0

CCL3

5

[21, 22, 24, 25, 30]

0

0

CCL4

5

[21, 22, 24, 25, 30]

0

0

CCL5

5

[21, 24, 27, 29, 35]

1 [24]

0

CCL7

2

[21, 24]

0

0

CCL11

5

[21, 22, 24, 25, 30]

0

0

CCL13

1

[24]

0

0

CCL17

1

[24]

0

0

CCL19

1

[24]

1 [24]

0

CCL22

1

[24]

0

0

CCL24

1

[24]

1 [24]

0

CCL26

1

[24]

0

0

CXCL-1

2

[22, 25]

0

0

CXCL-5

2

[22, 25]

0

0

CXCL-9

3

[22, 24, 25]

0

1 [25]

CXCL-10

5

[21, 22, 24, 25, 30]

0

0

CX3CL-1

1

[24]

0

1 [24]

FGF

1

[21]

0

0

FGF-b

3

[22, 25, 30]

0

0

G-CSF

4

[21, 24, 29, 35]

0

0

GM-CSF

6

[21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 30]

0

0

HGF

2

[22, 25]

0

0

IFN-α

2

[25, 33]

0

0

IFN-α2

1

[21]

0

0

IFN-β

2

[22, 25]

0

0

IFN-γ

9

[20,21,22, 24, 25, 28,29,30, 32]

0

1 [28]

IL-1RA

3

[21, 25, 30]

0

0

IL-1α

5

[20, 24, 25, 28, 32]

1 [20]

0

IL-1β

9

[20, 21, 24,25,26, 28,29,30, 32]

2 [20, 28]

1 [25]

IL-2

7

[20,21,22, 24, 25, 30, 32]

0

0

IL-3

1

[28]

0

0

IL-4

9

[20,21,22, 24,25,26, 28, 30, 32]

1 [20]

0

IL-5

7

[20,21,22, 24, 25, 28, 32]

1 [20]

0

IL-6

11

[20,21,22, 24,25,26,27,28,29,30, 32]

2 [20, 27]

2 [21, 29]

IL-7

6

[21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 33]

1 [21]

1 [25]

IL-8

12

[20,21,22, 24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]

2 [21, 29]

2 [20, 32]

IL-9

1

[30]

0

0

IL-10

10

[20,21,22, 24,25,26, 28,29,30, 32]

2 [26, 29]

0

IL-12p40

3

[22, 25, 28]

0

0

IL-12p70

8

[20,21,22, 24, 25, 28, 30, 32]

1 [20]

0

IL-12/23p40

1

[24]

0

0

IL-13

8

[20,21,22, 24, 25, 28, 30, 32]

0

1 [20]

IL-15

6

[20, 24, 25, 28, 30, 32]

0

1 [20]

IL-16

2

[22, 24]

0

1 [24]

IL-17

6

[19, 23, 24, 29, 31, 35]

0

0

IL-17A

1

[21]

0

1 [21]

IL-17F

2

[22, 25]

0

0

IL-23

2

[20, 32]

0

0

Leptin

2

[22, 25]

0

0

LIF

2

[22, 25]

0

0

LTα

2

[20, 32]

1 [20]

0

M-CSF

2

[22, 25]

0

0

NGF

1

[31]

0

0

β-NGF

1

[21]

0

0

Resistin

2

[22, 25]

0

1 [25]

SCF

2

[22, 25]

0

0

TNF-α

11

[20,21,22, 24,25,26, 28,29,30,31,32]

1 [29]

0

TNF-β

3

[22, 24, 25]

1 [32]

0

TGF-α

2

[22, 25]

0

0

TGF-β

3

[22, 25, 32]

1 [25]

1 [22]

TGF-β1

1

[23, 34]

1 [23]

1 [34]

VEGF

3

[21, 25, 30]

0

0

VEGF-A

2

[22, 24]

0

1 [24]

  1. IL interleukin, IFN interferon, LT lymphotoxin, TNF tumor necrosis factor, FGF fibroblast growth factor, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, CXCL C-X-C motif ligand, CCL C-C motif ligand, SCF stem cell factor, TGF transforming growth factor
  2. This table contains the frequency of the cytokines analysed in the included 269 studies, including a summary of the significant increases and decreases