Mid-life serum Vitamin D concentrations were associated with incident dementia but not late-life neuropsychological performance in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Fashanu, Oluwaseun E.; Zhao, Di; Schneider, Andrea L. C.; Rawlings, Andreea M.; Sharrett, A. Richey; Lutsey, Pamela L.; Gottesman, Rebecca F.; Gross, Alden L.; Guallar, Eliseo; Alonso, Alvaro; Mosley, Thomas H.; Michos, Erin D.

doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1483-3

Table 4 Adjusted Average Differences in Later Life Neuropsychological Test Performance Associated with Mid-Life 25(OH) D Concentrations: the ARIC Study ^a

From: Mid-life serum Vitamin D concentrations were associated with incident dementia but not late-life neuropsychological performance in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Neuropsychological outcomes	25(OH) D (ng/mL)			p-trend	Per 1 SD decrement in 25(OH) D ^b
Neuropsychological outcomes	≥30 (Sufficient)	20- < 30 (Intermediate)	< 20 (Deficient)	p-trend	Per 1 SD decrement in 25(OH) D ^b
N	3046	5759	4234		13,039
Functional Ability, Mental status, and Depressive symptoms
Functional activities questionnaire (FAQ) score ^c
Model 1 ^e	0 (reference)	0.27 (− 0.32, 0.87)	0.06 (− 0.84, 0.95)	0.93	−0.08 (− 0.47, 0.31)
Model 2 ^f	0 (reference)	0.24 (−0.35, 0.84)	0.02 (− 0.86, 0.90)	0.99	− 0.09 (− 0.48, 0.29)
Model 3 ^g	0 (reference)	0.29 (− 0.31, 0.89)	0.16 (− 0.73, 1.05)	0.75	− 0.04 (− 0.43, 0.35)
Time to walk 4 m (sec) ^d
Model 1 ^e	0 (reference)	−0.04 (− 0.14, 0.07)	−0.05 (− 0.18, 0.09)	0.49	−0.03 (− 0.09, 0.02)
Model 2 f	0 (reference)	−0.05 (− 0.15, 0.05)	−0.07 (− 0.20, 0.06)	0.32	−0.04 (− 0.10, 0.01)
Model 3 ^g	0 (reference)	−0.06 (− 0.16, 0.05)	−0.07 (− 0.21, 0.06)	0.27	−0.04 (− 0.10, 0.01)
Grip strength ^c
Model 1 ^e	0 (reference)	0.09 (−0.32, 0.49)	−0.001 (− 0.56, 0.55)	0.98	0.03 (− 0.19, 0.25)
Model 2 ^f	0 (reference)	0.12 (−0.28, 0.52)	0.07 (− 0.48, 0.61)	0.83	0.06 (− 0.16, 0.27)
Model 3 ^g	0 (reference)	0.12 (−0.27, 0.52)	0.06 (−0.48, 0.60)	0.84	0.05 (−0.16, 0.26)
Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) ^c
Model 1 ^e	0 (reference)	−0.01 (− 0.16, 0.14)	0.0003 (− 0.20, 0.20)	0.99	0.02 (− 0.06, 0.10)
Model 2 ^f	0 (reference)	0.02 (−0.13, 0.17)	0.05 (− 0.15, 0.25)	0.61	0.04 (− 0.04, 0.12)
Model 3 ^g	0 (reference)	0.02 (−0.12, 0.17)	0.05 (−0.15, 0.25)	0.63	0.04 (−0.04, 0.12)
Mini-mental state exam (MMSE) ^c
Model 1 ^e	0 (reference)	−0.11 (− 0.27, 0.05)	−0.04 (− 0.25, 0.18)	0.77	0.002 (− 0.08, 0.08)
Model 2 ^f	0 (reference)	−0.11 (− 0.27, 0.05)	−0.03 (− 0.24, 0.19)	0.85	0.01 (− 0.07, 0.08)
Model 3 ^g	0 (reference)	−0.11 (− 0.27, 0.06)	−0.03 (− 0.25, 0.19)	0.81	0.002 (− 0.08, 0.09)
Depression score (CESD) ^d
Model 1 ^e	0 (reference)	−0.04 (− 0.23, 0.14)	−0.05 (− 0.26, 0.17)	0.68	−0.04 (− 0.12, 0.05)
Model 2 ^f	0 (reference)	−0.06 (− 0.25, 0.13)	−0.07 (− 0.29, 0.15)	0.53	−0.04 (− 0.13, 0.04)
Model 3 ^g	0 (reference)	−0.07 (− 0.25, 0.12)	−0.09 (− 0.31, 0.13)	0.40	−0.05 (− 0.14, 0.03)

^a Results are presented as beta-coefficients (95% CI) derived from multivariable linear regression models. Sufficient 25(OH) D ≥ 30 ng/mL was the reference for the intermediate and deficient 25(OH) D categories
^b SD 25(OH) D = 8.4 ng/mL; To covert 25(OH) D from ng/mL to nmol/L, multiply by 2.496
^c For FAQ score, grip strength, SPPB, and MMSE: a higher value indicates a more favorable performance/measure
^d For time to walk 4 m and CESD: a lower value indicates a more favorable performance/measure
^e Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, race/center, educational, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and APOE ε4 genotype
^f Model 2: Model 1 plus systolic blood pressure, use of hypertension medication, total and HDL cholesterol, use of cholesterol medications, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and estimated glomerular filtration rate
^g Model 3: Model 2 plus serum parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations

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