Skip to main content

Table 1 Effects of dTMS to dTMS-PSI and dTMS-ACC groups compared to dTMS-Sham group

From: Long-term deep-TMS does not negatively affect cognitive functions in stroke and spinal cord injury patients with central neuropathic pain

Baseline

After the last dTMS session (week 12)

 

Pairwise comparisons (p)

 

Pairwise comparisons (p)

Cognitive Tests

dTMS-PSI (n = 33)

dTMS-ACC (n = 33)

dTMS-Sham (n = 32)

Inter group comparisons

dTMS -PSI

X

dTMS-ACC

dTMS-PSI

X

dTMS-Sham

dTMS-ACC

X

dTMS-Sham

dTMS-PSI (n = 33)

dTMS-ACC (n = 33)

dTMS-Sham (n = 32)

Inter group comparisons

dTMS- PSI

X

dTMS-ACC

PSI-dTMS

X

dTMS-Sham

dTMS-ACC

X

dTMS-Sham

Executive Functions

   

p#

p§

   

p#

p§

Digit Span (forward)-Wais-III

4.4 ± 0.9

4.5 ± 1.1

4.4 ± 1.1

0.52

0.97

0.94

0.92

4.3 ± 0.94

4.53 ± 1.13

4.5 ± 0.88

0.44

0.61

0.55

0.85

Digit Span (backwards)-Wais-III

3.5 ± 0.9

3.4 ± 1.2

3.1 ± 0.9

0.20

0.31

0.07

0.51

3.3 ± 1.21

3.5 ± 1.51

3.2 ± 0.76

0.51

1.00

0.81

0.82

Stroop Test – I

25.6 ± 22

20 ± 8.3

23.4 ± 10.9

0.10

0.12

0.90

0.08

24.7 ± 14.55

19.9 ± 7.75

22.9 ± 11.63

0.56

0.35

0.95

0.31

Stroop Test – II

31.8 ± 19.7

26.3 ± 12.3

28.4 ± 13.7

0.07

0.14

0.45

0.33

31.1 ± 21.33

24.7 ± 13.93

28.8 ± 17.46

0.27

0.92

0.97

0.15

Stroop Test – III (Stroop effect)

51.2 ± 27.1

36.2 ± 18.1

40.2 ± 19.5

0.04*

0.012**

0.09

0.30

42.8 ± 21.72

36.5 ± 19.62

37 ± 16.11

0.73

0.25

0.68

0.72

Coding – Wais-III

33.2 ± 18.1

37.7 ± 20.3

27.7 ± 16.8

0.08

0.41

0.25

0.04*

33.7 ± 18.36

38.1 ± 18.43

30 ± 15.64

0.26

0.33

0.53

0.14

Verbal Fluency –Phon.

23.8 ± 10.2

23.8 ± 13

22.2 ± 9

0.34

0.87

0.54

0.77

25.2 ± 10.42

25.1 ± 15.43

21.6 ± 11.51

0.35

0.76

0.14

0.33

Verbal Fluency –Sem.

13.4 ± 5.2

13.8 ± 5.2

13.3 ± 4.4

0.88

0.68

0.97

0.53

13.3 ± 5.96

13.9 ± 5.01

12.2 ± 4.35

0.47

0.54

0.15

0.25

WCST-Perseverative errors

17.2 ± 12.8

17 ± 11.2

21.3 ± 12.3

0.14

0.85

0.12

0.06

15.2 ± 11.41

14.7 ± 10.23

17.3 ± 10.22

0.37

0.92

0.24

0.34

WCST-Completed categories

1.7 ± 1.5

2 ± 1.4

1.9 ± 1.6

0.53

0.39

0.68

0.74

2.3 ± 1.78

1.9 ± 1.50

1.7 ± 1.47

0.51

0.95

0.21

0.44

Trail Making A

80.1 ± 36.1

75.1 ± 14.3

80 ± 38.6

0.86

0.42

0.92

0.53

74.7 ± 48.51

67.3 ± 37.12

74.2 ± 34.22

0.33

0.57

0.62

0.21

Trail Making B

219.1 ± 102.1

180.1 ± 110.7

222.8 ± 167.9

0.18

0.08

0.39

0.33

232 ± 135.3

168.3 ± 108.3

217.1 ± 151.54

0.15

0.06

0.75

0.95

CA

38.2 ± 24.4

52 ± 31.4

41.8 ± 25.3

0.29

0.06

0.43

0.24

44.2 ± 28.13

49.5 ± 33.41

45.3 ± 28.21

0.44

0.62

0.93

0.93

Memory

 Logical Memory (I)-WMS III

16 ± 6.8

15.1 ± 8.3

14 ± 5.5

0.58

0.48

0.28

0.73

19.2 ± 7.46

18.1 ± 7.72

17.1 ± 7.12

0.61

0.86

0.21

0.31

 Logical Memory (L)-WMSIII

10.7 ± 6.4

10.8 ± 8.9

9.2 ± 5.9

0.65

0.78

0.29

0.62

13.8 ± 72

13.4 ± 8.67

12.1 ± 7.51

0.76

0.83

0.22

0.53

Global Cognition

 MMSE

24.7 ± 3.1

24.8 ± 3.8

24.9 ± 3

0.88

0.77

0.79

0.70

24.9 ± 2.33

25.2 ± 3.92

25.5 ± 2.21

0.75

0.45

0.25

0.82

 Visual Perception

       

11.5 ± 6.67

10.8 ± 6.64

10.2 ± 6.36

0.42

0.86

0.54

0.51

 Picture Completion - Wais III

10.7 ± 5

9 ± 6

9.5 ± 5.8

0.29

0.08

0.40

0.79

11.5 ± 6.67

10.8 ± 6.64

10.2 ± 6.36

0.42

0.86

0.52

0.51

  1. The values are presented as mean ± SD. p# = Kruskal Wallis between the 3 groups; p§ = Mann Whitney for 2 independent samples
  2. dTMS Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, PSI Posterior Superior Insula, ACC Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Wais-III Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III, Phon Phonemic, Sem. Semantic, WCST Wisconsin Card Sort Test, CA Concentrated Attention, (I) Immediate, (L) Long-term, WMS III Wechsler Memory Scale III, MMSE Mini Mental State Examination; * = p ≤ 0.05; ** = p ≤ 0.016 Bonferroni correction
Back to article page

BMC Neurology

ISSN: 1471-2377

Contact us