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Table 2 Mean differences [(post-test– pre-test)/pre-test] for cognitive outcomes

From: Long-term deep-TMS does not negatively affect cognitive functions in stroke and spinal cord injury patients with central neuropathic pain

 

Pairwise comparisons (p)

Cognitive Tests

dTMS-PSI (n = 33)

dTMS-ACC (n = 33)

dTMS-Sham (n = 32)

Inter group comparisons

dTMS -PSI

X

dTMS-ACC

dTMS-PSI

X

dTMS-Sham

dTMS-ACC

X

dTMS-Sham

Executive Functions

   

p#

p§

Digit Span (forward)-Wais-III

−0.08 ± 0.21

0.02 ± 0.16

0.04 ± 0.21

0.06

0.08

0.31

0.43

Digit Span(backward)-Wais-III

0.01 ± 0.47

0.09 ± 0.43

0.06 ± 0.31

0.44

0.65

0.17

0.53

Stroop Test – I

0.06 ± 0.52

0.008 ± 0.22

− 0.08 ± 0.20

0.93

0.80

0.86

0.69

Stroop Test – II

−0.01 ± 0.30

− 0.06 ± 0.18

0.04 ± 0.23

0.15

0.76

0.12

0.08

Stroop Test – III

−0.11 ± 0.25

0.00 ± 0.26

− 0.02 ± 0.23

0.54

0.33

0.35

0.96

Coding – Wais-III

0.11 ± 0.38

−0.06 ± 0.38

0.15 ± 0.42

0.32

0.16

0.91

0.22

Verbal Fluency –Phon.

0.14 ± 0.47

0.02 ± 0.31

0.05 ± 0.69

0.19

0.57

0.08

0.20

Verbal Fluency –Sem.

0.04 ± 0.38

0.02 ± 0.35

−0.02 ± 0.37

0.27

0.92

0.25

0.11

WCST-Perseverative errors

0.05 ± 0.79

−0.02 ± 0.55

− 0.05 ± 0.57

0.90

0.72

0.67

0.99

WCST-Completed categories

0.28 ± 0.97

0.2 ± 1.0

−0.22 ± 0.49

0.08

0.24

0.019*

0.33

Trail Making A

−0.05 ± 0.32

− 0.09 ± 0.39

−0.05 ± 0.31

0.68

0.51

0.75

0.43

Trail Making B

0.09 ± 0.49

−0.06 ± 0.41

−0.0004 ± 0.44

0.70

0.35

0.80

0.70

CA

0.22 ± 0.69

−0.10 ± 0.30

0.10 ± 0.55

0.07

0.02*

0.58

0.11

Memory

 Logical Memory(I)-WMS III

0.36 ± 0.97

0.28 ± 0.48

0.28 ± 0.52

0.94

0.92

0.69

0.85

 Logical Memory(L)-WMSIII

0.48 ± 1.18

0.55 ± 1.04

0.41 ± 0.72

0.84

0.99

0.57

0.66

Global Cognition

 MMSE

0.02 ± 0.11

0.01 ± 0.09

0.03 ± 0.10

0.80

0.94

0.51

0.62

Visual Perception

 Picture Completion. - Wais III

0.09 ± 0.42

0.33 ± 0.62

0.15 ± 0.52

0.45

0.26

0.94

0.29

  1. The values are presented as mean ± SD. p# = Kruskal-Wallis test; p§ = U Mann Whitney test
  2. dTMS Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, PSI Posterior Superior Insula, ACC Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Wais-III Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Phon. Phonemic, Sem. Semantic, WCST Wisconsin Card Sort Test, CA, Concentrated Attention, (I) Immediate, (L) Long-term, WMS III Wechsler Memory Scale III, MMSE Mini Mental State Examination; * = p ≤ 0.05; ** = p ≤ 0.016 Bonferroni correction
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BMC Neurology

ISSN: 1471-2377

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